The Fight For Birth Control Essay - 1963 Words

Introduction Women in today’s society have never known a time when contraceptive options were not available to them. As a general statement, acquiring some sort of contraceptives whether it is the pill, patch, condom, emergency contraception, or another of the many types of birth control is not difficult with the many options available to women today. However, backtrack to the early 1900’s and the story was completely different. In 1916, Margaret Sanger made contraceptive history by opening the first birth control clinic in Brooklyn, New York. The fight for birth control began. It was not until years later in 1960 that the birth control pill was approved by the Food and Drug Administration and since then many other varieties of birth control have made their way into the market (Kim Wasik, 2011). Today, thanks to those like Margaret Sanger who fought for contraceptives, women and couples who wish to avoid pregnancy have more choices than ever before. (Egarter et al, 201 3; Perry, 2015). The Importance Of Contraceptives Each year in the United States over 45% of pregnancies are unintended, many of these occur in young adults (Manlove, Welti, Wildsmith, Barry, 2014; Curtis et al., 2016). In addition to the already high percentage of unintended pregnancies, women who have had one unintended pregnancy are at an even greater risk for another pregnancy making contraceptives highly important for these women (Yu Hu, 2013). Contraceptives for women are important in order toShow MoreRelatedHis 145 Social Movements and Trends Essay698 Words   |  3 Pagesof equality and control of their bodies. Many instances occurred throughout history that supported a woman’s fight for equal representation and fair legislation, especially for those who were impoverished. This paper will discuss three articles from 1968 to 1977 that outline women’s battles against the government and the legal system regarding abortion and sterilization. The article details instances in which the government pursued unlawful sterilization as a form of birth control, or denied publicRead MoreMargaret Sanger And The Birth Control Movement Highlighted1187 Words   |  5 PagesMargaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement highlighted a variety of important issues. These issues include women’s right to make decisions privately versus the right of a community to regulate moral behavior; the ethnic demographics of the American people; the ability of women to control their own physical destinies by limiting family size; and the idea that small families were the way to keep the American dream alive. The debate over birth control spoke to personal and political issues, whichRead MoreA Speech That Made History1553 Words   |  7 Pageswomen were very slowly starting to gain equality with men. Women were now able to get jobs, but they were still not fully in control of their own bodies. There was a lot of (was much) controversy over topics such as pre-marital sex, birth c ontrol, and abortion, and these controversies were part of what led Margaret Sanger to give her speech about the morality of birth control in the early 1920s. Sanger used many different techniques in her speech to make it stronger and more persuasive, and also toRead MoreThe On The Battlefield Of Equality1625 Words   |  7 Pagesthe roaring twenties laid the foundation of many concepts and ideas still in use in America today, including automobiles, literature, music, and patriotism. Women in the 1920s overcame the battle of obtaining suffrage and the advancement of birth control; these challenges led to an embracing of new ideas in fashion, sexuality, and equality. To begin, suffrage for women in America began in the mid 1800s and ended in 1920, when women in America were finally granted with this well-deserved rightRead MoreWhy Do We Continue to Debate the Use of Contraception Essay1572 Words   |  7 PagesContraception Spectrum there are condoms, abstinence, and birth control pills. During the 20th century contraception was often confused with abortion (Juker 1996) between 1873 and 1965 it was illegal to send information or materials pertaining to contraception or abortion in the mail. Legally and ideology, contraception and abortion share similar history and both are associated with the taboo subject of women’s sexuality (Hawkes 1995) in 1960 the birth control pill ushered in a revolution in contraceptive technologyRead MoreMargaret Sanger Essay1428 Words   |  6 Pagesacquiring the right for women to prevent pregnancies through the use of contraceptives. After years of dedication and hard work, Margaret Sanger not only accomplis hed what she had hoped for-making people understand the importance and necessity of birth control, but also accomplishes something greater by extending womens rights as well. In a society where it was considered inappropriate for girls to know about their anatomy and its functions, let alone talk and read about it, Margaret SangerRead MoreMargaret Sanger : A Birth Control Activist1508 Words   |  7 PagesMargaret Sanger was not only a birth control activist, she was also an author, a nurse and a sex educator and many of her influences for being an activist come from her family. Born on September 14, 1879, in Corning, New York, she was the sixth of eleven children born into a poor Roman Catholic family (Sanger 14). Her mother had various miscarriages, which Sanger believed affected her mother’s health, and was a devoted Roman Catholic who believed one should conform to the rules while her father wasRead MoreIn The Nineteenth Century, The Industrial Revolution Caused1043 Words   |  5 Pagescompletely different roles. Men were seen as workers while women were seen as home-makers. Men and women were totally opposites each other. Marriage was seen as the only proper locale for sex, and women didn’t have any rights in their marriage lives. Birth controls were absent, and abortion was forbidden since 1800s. Sex within marriage usually meant frequent pregnancy, especially as some areas had laws that a husband had his rights to his wife’s body. The death rate for a woman delivering a child was 1Read MoreShould Teenagers Have Access to Birth Control1648 Words   |  7 PagesBarbara Burton Professor Singh English 111 November 13, 2012 Should Teenagers Have Access to Birth Control? Teenagers are still growing and learning. Sometimes we forget that they are making choices that can affect their whole life. Yes, we are here to teach them and to guide them in making decisions that will help shape their future. Are they going to make mistakes? Are they going to regret some of their choices? Are they going to wish that they had listened to their parents at times that they didn’tRead MoreReproductive Rights : Women s Fight For Control1485 Words   |  6 PagesWomen’s Fight for Control Women having been fighting for equal rights for many years. Because of our genitalia, we will be paid less, we will be judged more, and we will have to fight to protect our basic human rights. Most women are born with the amazing ability to carry life; this is a blessing and a curse. Because of this ability, some people believe that a woman’s body is not completely her own, but that the government has rights to that body as well. We have been fighting to control our own

The Scopes Of Psychological Health - 913 Words

Science is not always used to appreciate a mother’s love. It is usually viewed as a natural act of kindness and care embedded in the natural instincts of a caretaker, but is it be essential to child development? â€Å"A mother’s (caretaker’s) love in infancy and childhood is as important for mental health as are vitamins and proteins for physical health† is a quote that raises controversy amongst the way psychologists and the theories they believe in. Some psychological theorists argue about how influential it can be through the scopes of psychological health. They believe it can be essential for a child to develop in a healthy psychological state. However, some theorists might disagree. Psychologists like Locke, Rousseau, Darwin and Bowlby, who studied and theorized about early child development, might have contradicting views on the above quoted statement. John Locke, a philosopher and psychologist who is acknowledged for his theories on child developmen t, might agree with the stated quote. Locke rejected the idea that there was an innate difference between people. Instead, one of his main beliefs stated that all humans were born with a blank slate, making everyone indistinguishable at birth. What makes those differences amongst people is what becomes written on that slate. What is written is caused by experience and affects of the environment on people as they grow. One of the and first main affect humans feel in the earliest stages of life are the love and affection of aShow MoreRelatedInsurance Coverage For Mental Disorders1679 Words   |  7 Pagescoverage for mental disorders Jyoti.Waddigeri MHS: Mental Health and Society Professor- Dr. Mirjana Zivkovic United States University, San- Diego. Date- 03/27/2016 Insurance coverage for mental disorders INTRODUCTION In the mid twenty first century, 80 percent of persons with maladjustment had some type of open or private medical insurance coverage. This level of scope mirrored the extension of advantages for mental health care inside of private insurance, and additionallyRead MorePatient Protection And Affordable Care Act958 Words   |  4 Pagesintegrated primary care clinical setting be changed to allow all Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) who hold the DNP degree with the required licensure, accreditation, and certification be recognized for their ability to perform fully within their scope of practice. The purpose of this paper is to describe the integrated primary care clinical setting under the affordable healthcare act, and the role DNP nurses fulfill as providers of care. Also described will be the professional, regulatory, legalRead MoreI Chose The Topic Of Prison Psychology With A Focus On1198 Words   |  5 Pagesa focus on the Stanford prison experiment and the psychological effects of systematic abuse. Zimbardo, Philip G. Revisiting the Stanford Prison Experiment: A Lesson in the Power of Situation. The Chronicle of Higher Education, no. 30, 2007. EBSCOhost, ezproxy.uhd.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=edsgbcAN=edsgcl.161992127site=eds-livescope=site. The Stanford Prison Experiment was a study on the psychological effects of authority, focused on the relations betweenRead MorePsychology : A Profession And A Science1525 Words   |  7 Pagesindividuals to modify their behaviour and helping associations, groups and societies change. Then again as a science psychology is the investigation of how individuals see (Super Super, 2009). A percentage of the psychological professions include clinical psychology, counseling psychology, health psychology, forensic psychology, social psychology etc. (Keether Morgan, 2013). I have decided to pursue with MSc. forensic psychology after my undergraduate degree. Forensic psychology is that piece of psychiatryRead MoreEssay on Week 5 Psy 480688 Words   |  3 Pagesprescription privileges include changes in the ways that physicians and mental health professionals are able to prescribe medications to their patients. According to Brenda Smith of the APA (2012), currently patients receive their medications for psychological conditions by a physician usually without having been evaluated by a mental health practitioner according to the CDC. 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Scope change control framework – the proposed change directly influences the venture scope, this is the most widely recognized proposed change. A run of the mill sort of degree change could be where the task client or customer requests extra things to be incorporated into the venture scope that were not officially endorsed as a major part of the undertakingRead MoreRehabilitation Of Addiction And Addictive Behaviors Essay914 Words   |  4 Pagesthe rehabilitation of addiction and addictive behaviors. In the field of counseling, there are numerous methods that have demonstrated positive results, all with their own benefits and limitations. As time progresses and the field of clinical mental health and addictions counseling matures, it appears that more and professional are adopting a holistic approach to treatment. 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Therefore, Health psychology maintains that the mind and body interact. Moreover, Health psychology is the study of psychological and behavioural processes of health, illness, and healthcare. It is apprehensive with the consideration of how psychological, behavioural, and cultural aspect

Eli Lilly Developing Cymbalta Free Essays

Eli Lilly and company is a pharmaceutical company that was established in 1876 by Colonel Eli Lilly, who had served in the union army during the Civil War. One of the products the company developed includes the antidepressant drug Prozac, which has been a legendary product for the company and has generated billions of dollars since its launch. As Prozac’s patent expiration date approached, thereby allowing the sale of generic versions in the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Eli Lilly: Developing Cymbalta or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. , the company decided to pursue a product to replace Prozac, named Cymbalta. John Kaiser, the marketing director at Eli Lilly and member of a cross-functional RD team, new anti-depressant team (NAT), has been tasked to lead this effort. Kaiser prepared a presentation about the potential successor, Cymbalta, and convened a meeting with the NAT members to discuss its future potential. The goal of the meeting was to thoroughly analyze and discuss the pros and cons about Cymbalta’s development and strategic opportunities based on the different options of use. This paper will identify the strategic issues and problems the NAT faced in developing the new product. The paper will then analyze and evaluate the industry and market behavior by using a SWOT analysis. Finally, this paper will offer a set of recommendations based on the surrounding circumstances and options available to the Eli Lilly team. Identification of the strategic issues and problems: Eli Lilly and company’s NAT members began the process of searching for a successful replacement to Prozac by looking into the strategic choices, possibilities, and successful launch of a replacement shortly after the expiration of Prozac’s patent. Cymbalta was considered as a viable successor to Prozac because it seemed a) to be as good as or better than existing antidepressants, b) to show no signs of safety precautions or toxicity issues, c) to meet previous unmet patient needs, and d) to show promising signs of development as a product to also treat pain, especially if it did not cause special side effects. However, when Lilly developed Cymbalta back in the early 1990’s, for the major depressive disorder (MDD) market, the product failed to show satisfactory levels of efficacy for treating MDD in phase 2 trials in 1993. Additionally, Lilly had so little experience in the therapeutic area. Moreover, there were variances in the opinions of Neurologists and Psychiatrists related to the symptoms of pain, such as chronic back pain or recurring headache tied to depression. Those variances could peril the decision making process from the top management. Also, since there were no clear guidelines from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), for the development of pain indications associated to depression, the likelihood of FDA approval was very slim. Kaiser and the team also encountered several constraints. The team had to decide how to prioritize the clinical trials for Cymbalta within the range of $25 to $50 million and a time frame of 15 to 18 months to design, enroll patients for trial, and then analyze and document results for the clinical trial. Each study was a major task for the NAT members and the team had the opportunity to submit only one objective to the FDA for marketing approval. On the other hand, since Cymbalta had been tested with twice daily dosages of 20 mg, 30 mg, and 40 mg, NAT members also looked into the option of conducting a new set of clinical trials to establish once-a-day dosage of 60 mg of Cymbalta to treat Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). The new option would provide more expedient dosing for patients and would also put the product on par with the major competitors. Analysis and Evaluation: The U. S. pharmaceutical industry is complex and dynamic. It’s an industry that is characterized by high-tech research and development (RD) expenditures and extensive regulation of its products, especially in comparison with other manufacturing sectors. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversee policies that produce faster review and approval times for drugs. The agency carefully evaluates the safety of any new drug and its efficacy. Such policies result in extended periods during which companies can exclusively market their pharmaceutical products. Longer periods of market exclusivity for pharmaceuticals then increase sales revenues, and increased sales revenues in turn lead to greater profits and potentially more funding for RD. Treatment of depression is one area that the U. S. pharmaceutical industry has heavily invested in. The total sales of U. S. antidepressants reached close to $9 billion in the year 2000. Companies such as Eli Lilly capitalized on this opportunity and became a leading force in the antidepressant market with its Prozac drug. Antidepressant product development companies invest heavily in Research and Development (RD), and patent it. With each successful launch of a product, they enjoy its patent rights for quite a long period of time and enjoy the exclusive rights to produce and sell that product resulting in enormous profits for the company. Thus, drug companies continuously attempt to differentiate their product from competitors and bundle in such a way that is more tailored to segment of the market where they can realize higher profits. SWOT Analysis: Strengths: †¢Potential successor to a highly successful brand – Prozac from a well-established company in the pharmaceutical industry. Part of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) group of drugs, which is popular and had fewer side effects than tricyclic anti-depressant (TCA) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI). †¢Potential to treat both depression and chronic pain, such as headache and backache caused by depression. Weaknesses: †¢Product that is not different from competitors’ brands. †¢Twice-a-day dosing regi men of 20-40 mg. Threats: †¢Serious market competition from competitors’ brands such as Paxils and Zoloft with same efficacy. No clear concession amongst physicians as to the nature of link between depression and pain. †¢Attempting to compare Cymbalta to existing SSRI on pain might fail to conclusively separate from competitors, thus giving rival drugs an implicit endorsement for treating pain. Opportunities: †¢Potential development of 60 mg once-a-day dosage with high efficacy. †¢The possibility of pursuing patients with fibromyalgia (severe muscle pain and chronic fatigue) and Diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain or DPNP (a painful and debilitating complication of diabetes). According to the National Studies of Health, over 40 million Americans were unable to find relief from their pain, including patients with fibromyalgia and DPNP. Pros and Cons of Plausible Alternatives: If developed successfully, Cymbalta could be a unique product that has the ability to significantly reduce and improve depression and pain. Patients with fibromyalgia and DPNP could greatly benefit from Cymbalta. The pain relief may also be great for patients who suffer from depression and chronic pain like headache and backache. The NAT’s idea of pursuing the 60 mg daily dosage is also attractive if it delivers the same efficacy of current antidepressant drugs in the market. However, all of this comes with its perils. The company has to evaluate the risks and any potential side effects that the 60 mg per day dosage may have on patients. They also have to assess the feasibility of conducting a clinical trial with a 15 to 18 months’ timeframe and a projected cost of $25 to $50 million. Additionally, they would have to convince the FDA that the new product is ready to market. Failure of any of the aforementioned obstacles could result in loss of the antidepressant market to competitors. Recommendations: Depression and chronic pain diseases, such as fibromyalgia and DPNP, have a profound effect in society at large. Studies in scientific publications have estimated that depression affects 10% to 25% of the population. The antidepressant market in the U. S. in 2000 totaled sales of approximately $9 billion. Eli Lilly has positioned itself well in this market segment. The company has enjoyed a market lead with annual sales of over $2 billion with its antidepressant drug, Prozac. Cymbalta needs to focus on maintaining and increasing that $2 billion dollar revenue Prozac has achieved over the past years, by building on the successful foundations Prozac has already established. It is important to develop an updated product that will undoubtedly outperform its competitors. Cymbalta might be a successful replacement because of its good efficacy or efficacy better than existing antidepressants, Cymbalta also has no apparent safety or toxicity issues, and its possibilities of meeting a previously unmet patient needs, exemplifies why Cymbalta has the potential to total higher record sales than even Prozac. How to cite Eli Lilly: Developing Cymbalta, Papers

Behaviorism in Psychology Essay Sample free essay sample

Psychology is scientific discipline of human actions and mental procedures. utilizing a huge sum of quality thorough research to detect and prove out new hypothesis. and convey approximately new descriptions and theories which explain human behaviour and ideas etc. Although many know the definition of psychological science most don’t recognize how wide the survey field of psychological science is. Along with the field of survey of psychological science being huge. the diverse theories that continue to come about besides seem endless. There are many theories and positions. many psychologist. physiologist. and scientist within psychological science. the field itself is everlastingly altering and will about surely ever be switching. The many different theories every bit good as positions go arounding within the field of psychological science have had a major impact on the manner psychological science is studied today. The diverseness and similarities within these theories have ev olved immensely and are being used in today’s educational. professional. and clinical Fieldss all across the universe. There have been infinite subscribers. who have given knowing information on the survey of psychological science today. From behaviouristic perspectives’ to cognitive positions all are popular in modern twenty-four hours psychological science and have paved the manner for pupils analyzing this field. John B. Watson and B. F Skinner were distinguished and knowing behaviourist. both of whom denied any theories that unconsciousness had an consequence on human behaviour. Watson was the organiser of the behaviouristic motion in American Psychology. Watson was an highly hardworking scientist ; he rejected any belief in inherent aptitudes holding control over any human behaviour. This sentiment he held was openly in contrast to worlds being instinctively determined. Watson created his rules of behaviourism he rejected any theories or positions that contained any mention to human behaviour trusting on consciousness. purposes. or self-contemplation. Yet. Watson strongly believed in expe rimentation and observation in laboratory scenes. His research was of import in lending to classical behaviourism. Watson’s experiments and research consisted of pull stringsing milieus of larning topics ; he strongly believed this use was the key to fostering development. Watson besides believed that if a topic was paired with a impersonal stimulation and an innate response. that he would be able to bring forth a new stimulation. or reaction. Through his research and experimentation he proved his theory that complex emotions could be learned when pull stringsing 1s environment ; he was really passionate of his theory and believed the lone country of survey in psychological science should be behavior. Although. many people viewed John B Watson as a extremist in classical behaviourism. and his position on the significance of one’s environment to be utmost. none could deny his huge impact on American Psychology. Because. Watson was such a important subscriber to classical behaviourism. he every bit good as his work. paved the manner for B. F Sinner’s theory on Operant Behaviorism. B. F Skinner was besides a behaviourist. Skinners full system nevertheless. was based on operant conditioning ; he. merely as Watson. believed that one’s e nvironment had an huge impact on one’s behaviour. In Skinner’s theory of Operant Conditioning he alleged that behaviour consequences in a effect. and that effect alters one’s disposition to reiterate that behaviour ; for illustration. behaviour and or actions of a topic followed by a reenforcing stimulation consequences in an increased possibility of that behaviour or action go oning once more or go oning. Skinner besides created agendas of support ; his theory consisted of how much support needed to be given and how frequently. Skinner’s theory was in relation to his thought based on his beliefs that acquisition is a map of change in open behaviour and nil to make with inherent aptitude or human consciousness. His theory was based on and around the sentiment that support was the cardinal component of larning. and the support could be anything from a verbal congratulations to a wages. every bit long as that support strengthened the coveted response. B. F Skinner non merely strongly believed in positive support t hat would in hopes. beef up a subject’s response. but besides in negative support or penalty that would decrease actions or behaviour that was unwanted. Therefore. Skinner merely as Watson was considered an extremist in his pattern and research in Behaviorism. Watson and Skinner were one in the same ; each adult male strongly believed that commanding and pull stringsing 1s environment and state of affairs could command 1s behavior. Both work forces contributed majorly in the field of psychological science. and the theories that both work forces were passionate about are still used presently in Modern Day Psychology. Behaviorism now a twenty-four hours is presently classified as behavior analysis and is a bally field within psychological science. In modern twenty-four hours psychological science Skinners theory is widely used by legion pedagogues ; for illustration schools give study cards to pupils on there larning capablenesss good and bad classs therefore positive and negative support. Some instructors even use positive support to honor kids for good behaviour at the terminal of the twenty-four hours. Although. Watson and Skinner w ere good known behaviourist they were non the lone behaviorists that had an impact on psychological science. Edward C. Tolman was besides a behaviourist who made important parts to the survey of behaviour and acquisition. Tolman today is known as a cognitive behaviourist. he developed his ain theory in behaviourism. Tolman was the Godhead of the cognitive theory of acquisition. His theory was a hallmark in the field of psychological science. Although. Tolman merely as Watson and Skinner. believed that larning had to make with 1s environment. yet he differed from them every bit good ; Tolman believed and proved that larning was possible without positive or negative support. Tolman believed that motivations drove behavior. until some internal province is rectified. and until that occurs the being or individual continues to act and move. Tolman unlike Watson and Skinner was non an extremist in fact he was ever willing to change his sentiment and positions if new proved theories arouse. He neer believed that one sentiment or belief was all encircling. where as. Watson and Skinner both. were inexorable that behaviour was the lone true field of psychological science and that larning could merely be possible through pull stringsing 1s environment. Watson and Skinner denied and paid no head or attending to unconsciousness. intuition. physiological reactions. nor an y unconditioned reaction they believed any theories affecting any of these thoughts were unpointed and uneducated. Modern twenty-four hours psychological science does hold a relationship to all these work forces and their theories yet. Watson and Skinner are most popular because these gentlemen focused on the seen. and non the unobserved. and Modern twenty-four hours psychological science does non analyze the unobserved merely the seen therefore. Skinner every bit good as Watson are in great relation to Modern Day Psychology. Tolman is now seen as a Cognitive psychologist. in which this relates greatly to Modern Day Psychology every bit good. Tolman created. cognitive maps. which are still used in today’s behavior analysis. Sine behaviour is seen modern twenty-four hours psychological science focuses strongly on the peculiar field. Behaviorism focuses on how behavior is shaped by 1s environment. The cognitive method trades with how ideas and positions every bit good as hard job work outing tactics affect 1s life. Both of these attacks are utilised greatly in Modern Day Psychology and all t hree work forces Edward Tolman. John B. Watson. and B. F Skinner all diverse yet similar have impacted the survey of behaviour and acquisition in a enormous manner. Psychology is an of all time turning field. that many persons have a passion for. whether behaviourism. humanistic. or cognitive all Fieldss relate to the same thing happening out the enigma of human actions and thought forms. All three work forces have impacted the field of psychological science greatly. and each men’s diverseness has took the survey of behaviourism a measure farther. and each men’s similarities have contributed to the passion that pupils. physicians. nurses. pedagogues. and bookmans have toward the field of psychological science. Although Modern psychological science largely focuses on countries that are seen such as behaviour. and lessen the focal point on the unobserved such as the human head. or unconsciousness. Psychology remains a turning field that will everlastingly hold talented and rational persons lending new theories invariably. Psychology has been a major field in the yesteryear. and now the present. and will go on to turn and broaden with clip.