The Fight For Birth Control Essay - 1963 Words

Introduction Women in today’s society have never known a time when contraceptive options were not available to them. As a general statement, acquiring some sort of contraceptives whether it is the pill, patch, condom, emergency contraception, or another of the many types of birth control is not difficult with the many options available to women today. However, backtrack to the early 1900’s and the story was completely different. In 1916, Margaret Sanger made contraceptive history by opening the first birth control clinic in Brooklyn, New York. The fight for birth control began. It was not until years later in 1960 that the birth control pill was approved by the Food and Drug Administration and since then many other varieties of birth control have made their way into the market (Kim Wasik, 2011). Today, thanks to those like Margaret Sanger who fought for contraceptives, women and couples who wish to avoid pregnancy have more choices than ever before. (Egarter et al, 201 3; Perry, 2015). The Importance Of Contraceptives Each year in the United States over 45% of pregnancies are unintended, many of these occur in young adults (Manlove, Welti, Wildsmith, Barry, 2014; Curtis et al., 2016). In addition to the already high percentage of unintended pregnancies, women who have had one unintended pregnancy are at an even greater risk for another pregnancy making contraceptives highly important for these women (Yu Hu, 2013). Contraceptives for women are important in order toShow MoreRelatedHis 145 Social Movements and Trends Essay698 Words   |  3 Pagesof equality and control of their bodies. Many instances occurred throughout history that supported a woman’s fight for equal representation and fair legislation, especially for those who were impoverished. This paper will discuss three articles from 1968 to 1977 that outline women’s battles against the government and the legal system regarding abortion and sterilization. The article details instances in which the government pursued unlawful sterilization as a form of birth control, or denied publicRead MoreMargaret Sanger And The Birth Control Movement Highlighted1187 Words   |  5 PagesMargaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement highlighted a variety of important issues. These issues include women’s right to make decisions privately versus the right of a community to regulate moral behavior; the ethnic demographics of the American people; the ability of women to control their own physical destinies by limiting family size; and the idea that small families were the way to keep the American dream alive. The debate over birth control spoke to personal and political issues, whichRead MoreA Speech That Made History1553 Words   |  7 Pageswomen were very slowly starting to gain equality with men. Women were now able to get jobs, but they were still not fully in control of their own bodies. There was a lot of (was much) controversy over topics such as pre-marital sex, birth c ontrol, and abortion, and these controversies were part of what led Margaret Sanger to give her speech about the morality of birth control in the early 1920s. Sanger used many different techniques in her speech to make it stronger and more persuasive, and also toRead MoreThe On The Battlefield Of Equality1625 Words   |  7 Pagesthe roaring twenties laid the foundation of many concepts and ideas still in use in America today, including automobiles, literature, music, and patriotism. Women in the 1920s overcame the battle of obtaining suffrage and the advancement of birth control; these challenges led to an embracing of new ideas in fashion, sexuality, and equality. To begin, suffrage for women in America began in the mid 1800s and ended in 1920, when women in America were finally granted with this well-deserved rightRead MoreWhy Do We Continue to Debate the Use of Contraception Essay1572 Words   |  7 PagesContraception Spectrum there are condoms, abstinence, and birth control pills. During the 20th century contraception was often confused with abortion (Juker 1996) between 1873 and 1965 it was illegal to send information or materials pertaining to contraception or abortion in the mail. Legally and ideology, contraception and abortion share similar history and both are associated with the taboo subject of women’s sexuality (Hawkes 1995) in 1960 the birth control pill ushered in a revolution in contraceptive technologyRead MoreMargaret Sanger Essay1428 Words   |  6 Pagesacquiring the right for women to prevent pregnancies through the use of contraceptives. After years of dedication and hard work, Margaret Sanger not only accomplis hed what she had hoped for-making people understand the importance and necessity of birth control, but also accomplishes something greater by extending womens rights as well. In a society where it was considered inappropriate for girls to know about their anatomy and its functions, let alone talk and read about it, Margaret SangerRead MoreMargaret Sanger : A Birth Control Activist1508 Words   |  7 PagesMargaret Sanger was not only a birth control activist, she was also an author, a nurse and a sex educator and many of her influences for being an activist come from her family. Born on September 14, 1879, in Corning, New York, she was the sixth of eleven children born into a poor Roman Catholic family (Sanger 14). Her mother had various miscarriages, which Sanger believed affected her mother’s health, and was a devoted Roman Catholic who believed one should conform to the rules while her father wasRead MoreIn The Nineteenth Century, The Industrial Revolution Caused1043 Words   |  5 Pagescompletely different roles. Men were seen as workers while women were seen as home-makers. Men and women were totally opposites each other. Marriage was seen as the only proper locale for sex, and women didn’t have any rights in their marriage lives. Birth controls were absent, and abortion was forbidden since 1800s. Sex within marriage usually meant frequent pregnancy, especially as some areas had laws that a husband had his rights to his wife’s body. The death rate for a woman delivering a child was 1Read MoreShould Teenagers Have Access to Birth Control1648 Words   |  7 PagesBarbara Burton Professor Singh English 111 November 13, 2012 Should Teenagers Have Access to Birth Control? Teenagers are still growing and learning. Sometimes we forget that they are making choices that can affect their whole life. Yes, we are here to teach them and to guide them in making decisions that will help shape their future. Are they going to make mistakes? Are they going to regret some of their choices? Are they going to wish that they had listened to their parents at times that they didn’tRead MoreReproductive Rights : Women s Fight For Control1485 Words   |  6 PagesWomen’s Fight for Control Women having been fighting for equal rights for many years. Because of our genitalia, we will be paid less, we will be judged more, and we will have to fight to protect our basic human rights. Most women are born with the amazing ability to carry life; this is a blessing and a curse. Because of this ability, some people believe that a woman’s body is not completely her own, but that the government has rights to that body as well. We have been fighting to control our own

The Scopes Of Psychological Health - 913 Words

Science is not always used to appreciate a mother’s love. It is usually viewed as a natural act of kindness and care embedded in the natural instincts of a caretaker, but is it be essential to child development? â€Å"A mother’s (caretaker’s) love in infancy and childhood is as important for mental health as are vitamins and proteins for physical health† is a quote that raises controversy amongst the way psychologists and the theories they believe in. Some psychological theorists argue about how influential it can be through the scopes of psychological health. They believe it can be essential for a child to develop in a healthy psychological state. However, some theorists might disagree. Psychologists like Locke, Rousseau, Darwin and Bowlby, who studied and theorized about early child development, might have contradicting views on the above quoted statement. John Locke, a philosopher and psychologist who is acknowledged for his theories on child developmen t, might agree with the stated quote. Locke rejected the idea that there was an innate difference between people. Instead, one of his main beliefs stated that all humans were born with a blank slate, making everyone indistinguishable at birth. What makes those differences amongst people is what becomes written on that slate. What is written is caused by experience and affects of the environment on people as they grow. One of the and first main affect humans feel in the earliest stages of life are the love and affection of aShow MoreRelatedInsurance Coverage For Mental Disorders1679 Words   |  7 Pagescoverage for mental disorders Jyoti.Waddigeri MHS: Mental Health and Society Professor- Dr. Mirjana Zivkovic United States University, San- Diego. Date- 03/27/2016 Insurance coverage for mental disorders INTRODUCTION In the mid twenty first century, 80 percent of persons with maladjustment had some type of open or private medical insurance coverage. This level of scope mirrored the extension of advantages for mental health care inside of private insurance, and additionallyRead MorePatient Protection And Affordable Care Act958 Words   |  4 Pagesintegrated primary care clinical setting be changed to allow all Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) who hold the DNP degree with the required licensure, accreditation, and certification be recognized for their ability to perform fully within their scope of practice. The purpose of this paper is to describe the integrated primary care clinical setting under the affordable healthcare act, and the role DNP nurses fulfill as providers of care. Also described will be the professional, regulatory, legalRead MoreI Chose The Topic Of Prison Psychology With A Focus On1198 Words   |  5 Pagesa focus on the Stanford prison experiment and the psychological effects of systematic abuse. Zimbardo, Philip G. Revisiting the Stanford Prison Experiment: A Lesson in the Power of Situation. The Chronicle of Higher Education, no. 30, 2007. EBSCOhost, ezproxy.uhd.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=edsgbcAN=edsgcl.161992127site=eds-livescope=site. The Stanford Prison Experiment was a study on the psychological effects of authority, focused on the relations betweenRead MorePsychology : A Profession And A Science1525 Words   |  7 Pagesindividuals to modify their behaviour and helping associations, groups and societies change. Then again as a science psychology is the investigation of how individuals see (Super Super, 2009). A percentage of the psychological professions include clinical psychology, counseling psychology, health psychology, forensic psychology, social psychology etc. (Keether Morgan, 2013). I have decided to pursue with MSc. forensic psychology after my undergraduate degree. Forensic psychology is that piece of psychiatryRead MoreEssay on Week 5 Psy 480688 Words   |  3 Pagesprescription privileges include changes in the ways that physicians and mental health professionals are able to prescribe medications to their patients. According to Brenda Smith of the APA (2012), currently patients receive their medications for psychological conditions by a physician usually without having been evaluated by a mental health practitioner according to the CDC. The trend includes individuals to visit their general health practitioners in order to receive psychotropic medications such as antidepressantsRead MoreLearning Mental Health During Undergraduate Education1657 Words   |  7 PagesLearning mental health during undergraduate education can be challenging as it is a broad and complex sector of health care. Like complicated physical illnesses, there are also various problems, f rameworks, and theories associated with a person’s mental aspect which can be hard to learn and explain if without further studies or exposures (Simon, 2014). Therefore, utilising other types of learning such as the continuing professional development (CPD) online or face-to-face activities are importantRead MoreUsing An Analytics Plan For An Organization753 Words   |  4 PagesSchedule change control system, Cost change control system and Scope change control system the applicable choice for Vila Health and Clarion Court. Scope change control framework – the proposed change directly influences the venture scope, this is the most widely recognized proposed change. A run of the mill sort of degree change could be where the task client or customer requests extra things to be incorporated into the venture scope that were not officially endorsed as a major part of the undertakingRead MoreRehabilitation Of Addiction And Addictive Behaviors Essay914 Words   |  4 Pagesthe rehabilitation of addiction and addictive behaviors. In the field of counseling, there are numerous methods that have demonstrated positive results, all with their own benefits and limitations. As time progresses and the field of clinical mental health and addictions counseling matures, it appears that more and professional are adopting a holistic approach to treatment. Some leading approaches to addiction counseling integrate the long debated concept of â€Å"Nature vs Nurture†, or more descriptivelyRead MoreEssay On Cam14 70 Words   |  6 Pagesindexes with corresponding real-world application by CAMS procedure replication; thus allowing a future of more targeted approaches to multi-mood-disorder identification. 3. Research Strategy a. Significance A recent global analyses by the World Health Organization finds almost 20% of humanity (1.52 billion) will experience clinical-level depression during their lifetime, and one-half of those diagnosed with depression are also by diagnosed with an anxiety disorder (760 million). For Example, DepressionRead MoreTaking a Look at Health Psychology907 Words   |  4 Pagesdetermined by a Dualistic model of health and illness, with an increasing focus on an interaction between the mind and the body. This shift in perspective is demonstrated of a holistic or a whole-person approach to health. Therefore, Health psychology maintains that the mind and body interact. Moreover, Health psychology is the study of psychological and behavioural processes of health, illness, and healthcare. It is apprehensive with the consideration of how psychological, behavioural, and cultural aspect

Eli Lilly Developing Cymbalta Free Essays

Eli Lilly and company is a pharmaceutical company that was established in 1876 by Colonel Eli Lilly, who had served in the union army during the Civil War. One of the products the company developed includes the antidepressant drug Prozac, which has been a legendary product for the company and has generated billions of dollars since its launch. As Prozac’s patent expiration date approached, thereby allowing the sale of generic versions in the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Eli Lilly: Developing Cymbalta or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. , the company decided to pursue a product to replace Prozac, named Cymbalta. John Kaiser, the marketing director at Eli Lilly and member of a cross-functional RD team, new anti-depressant team (NAT), has been tasked to lead this effort. Kaiser prepared a presentation about the potential successor, Cymbalta, and convened a meeting with the NAT members to discuss its future potential. The goal of the meeting was to thoroughly analyze and discuss the pros and cons about Cymbalta’s development and strategic opportunities based on the different options of use. This paper will identify the strategic issues and problems the NAT faced in developing the new product. The paper will then analyze and evaluate the industry and market behavior by using a SWOT analysis. Finally, this paper will offer a set of recommendations based on the surrounding circumstances and options available to the Eli Lilly team. Identification of the strategic issues and problems: Eli Lilly and company’s NAT members began the process of searching for a successful replacement to Prozac by looking into the strategic choices, possibilities, and successful launch of a replacement shortly after the expiration of Prozac’s patent. Cymbalta was considered as a viable successor to Prozac because it seemed a) to be as good as or better than existing antidepressants, b) to show no signs of safety precautions or toxicity issues, c) to meet previous unmet patient needs, and d) to show promising signs of development as a product to also treat pain, especially if it did not cause special side effects. However, when Lilly developed Cymbalta back in the early 1990’s, for the major depressive disorder (MDD) market, the product failed to show satisfactory levels of efficacy for treating MDD in phase 2 trials in 1993. Additionally, Lilly had so little experience in the therapeutic area. Moreover, there were variances in the opinions of Neurologists and Psychiatrists related to the symptoms of pain, such as chronic back pain or recurring headache tied to depression. Those variances could peril the decision making process from the top management. Also, since there were no clear guidelines from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), for the development of pain indications associated to depression, the likelihood of FDA approval was very slim. Kaiser and the team also encountered several constraints. The team had to decide how to prioritize the clinical trials for Cymbalta within the range of $25 to $50 million and a time frame of 15 to 18 months to design, enroll patients for trial, and then analyze and document results for the clinical trial. Each study was a major task for the NAT members and the team had the opportunity to submit only one objective to the FDA for marketing approval. On the other hand, since Cymbalta had been tested with twice daily dosages of 20 mg, 30 mg, and 40 mg, NAT members also looked into the option of conducting a new set of clinical trials to establish once-a-day dosage of 60 mg of Cymbalta to treat Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). The new option would provide more expedient dosing for patients and would also put the product on par with the major competitors. Analysis and Evaluation: The U. S. pharmaceutical industry is complex and dynamic. It’s an industry that is characterized by high-tech research and development (RD) expenditures and extensive regulation of its products, especially in comparison with other manufacturing sectors. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversee policies that produce faster review and approval times for drugs. The agency carefully evaluates the safety of any new drug and its efficacy. Such policies result in extended periods during which companies can exclusively market their pharmaceutical products. Longer periods of market exclusivity for pharmaceuticals then increase sales revenues, and increased sales revenues in turn lead to greater profits and potentially more funding for RD. Treatment of depression is one area that the U. S. pharmaceutical industry has heavily invested in. The total sales of U. S. antidepressants reached close to $9 billion in the year 2000. Companies such as Eli Lilly capitalized on this opportunity and became a leading force in the antidepressant market with its Prozac drug. Antidepressant product development companies invest heavily in Research and Development (RD), and patent it. With each successful launch of a product, they enjoy its patent rights for quite a long period of time and enjoy the exclusive rights to produce and sell that product resulting in enormous profits for the company. Thus, drug companies continuously attempt to differentiate their product from competitors and bundle in such a way that is more tailored to segment of the market where they can realize higher profits. SWOT Analysis: Strengths: †¢Potential successor to a highly successful brand – Prozac from a well-established company in the pharmaceutical industry. Part of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) group of drugs, which is popular and had fewer side effects than tricyclic anti-depressant (TCA) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI). †¢Potential to treat both depression and chronic pain, such as headache and backache caused by depression. Weaknesses: †¢Product that is not different from competitors’ brands. †¢Twice-a-day dosing regi men of 20-40 mg. Threats: †¢Serious market competition from competitors’ brands such as Paxils and Zoloft with same efficacy. No clear concession amongst physicians as to the nature of link between depression and pain. †¢Attempting to compare Cymbalta to existing SSRI on pain might fail to conclusively separate from competitors, thus giving rival drugs an implicit endorsement for treating pain. Opportunities: †¢Potential development of 60 mg once-a-day dosage with high efficacy. †¢The possibility of pursuing patients with fibromyalgia (severe muscle pain and chronic fatigue) and Diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain or DPNP (a painful and debilitating complication of diabetes). According to the National Studies of Health, over 40 million Americans were unable to find relief from their pain, including patients with fibromyalgia and DPNP. Pros and Cons of Plausible Alternatives: If developed successfully, Cymbalta could be a unique product that has the ability to significantly reduce and improve depression and pain. Patients with fibromyalgia and DPNP could greatly benefit from Cymbalta. The pain relief may also be great for patients who suffer from depression and chronic pain like headache and backache. The NAT’s idea of pursuing the 60 mg daily dosage is also attractive if it delivers the same efficacy of current antidepressant drugs in the market. However, all of this comes with its perils. The company has to evaluate the risks and any potential side effects that the 60 mg per day dosage may have on patients. They also have to assess the feasibility of conducting a clinical trial with a 15 to 18 months’ timeframe and a projected cost of $25 to $50 million. Additionally, they would have to convince the FDA that the new product is ready to market. Failure of any of the aforementioned obstacles could result in loss of the antidepressant market to competitors. Recommendations: Depression and chronic pain diseases, such as fibromyalgia and DPNP, have a profound effect in society at large. Studies in scientific publications have estimated that depression affects 10% to 25% of the population. The antidepressant market in the U. S. in 2000 totaled sales of approximately $9 billion. Eli Lilly has positioned itself well in this market segment. The company has enjoyed a market lead with annual sales of over $2 billion with its antidepressant drug, Prozac. Cymbalta needs to focus on maintaining and increasing that $2 billion dollar revenue Prozac has achieved over the past years, by building on the successful foundations Prozac has already established. It is important to develop an updated product that will undoubtedly outperform its competitors. Cymbalta might be a successful replacement because of its good efficacy or efficacy better than existing antidepressants, Cymbalta also has no apparent safety or toxicity issues, and its possibilities of meeting a previously unmet patient needs, exemplifies why Cymbalta has the potential to total higher record sales than even Prozac. How to cite Eli Lilly: Developing Cymbalta, Papers

Behaviorism in Psychology Essay Sample free essay sample

Psychology is scientific discipline of human actions and mental procedures. utilizing a huge sum of quality thorough research to detect and prove out new hypothesis. and convey approximately new descriptions and theories which explain human behaviour and ideas etc. Although many know the definition of psychological science most don’t recognize how wide the survey field of psychological science is. Along with the field of survey of psychological science being huge. the diverse theories that continue to come about besides seem endless. There are many theories and positions. many psychologist. physiologist. and scientist within psychological science. the field itself is everlastingly altering and will about surely ever be switching. The many different theories every bit good as positions go arounding within the field of psychological science have had a major impact on the manner psychological science is studied today. The diverseness and similarities within these theories have ev olved immensely and are being used in today’s educational. professional. and clinical Fieldss all across the universe. There have been infinite subscribers. who have given knowing information on the survey of psychological science today. From behaviouristic perspectives’ to cognitive positions all are popular in modern twenty-four hours psychological science and have paved the manner for pupils analyzing this field. John B. Watson and B. F Skinner were distinguished and knowing behaviourist. both of whom denied any theories that unconsciousness had an consequence on human behaviour. Watson was the organiser of the behaviouristic motion in American Psychology. Watson was an highly hardworking scientist ; he rejected any belief in inherent aptitudes holding control over any human behaviour. This sentiment he held was openly in contrast to worlds being instinctively determined. Watson created his rules of behaviourism he rejected any theories or positions that contained any mention to human behaviour trusting on consciousness. purposes. or self-contemplation. Yet. Watson strongly believed in expe rimentation and observation in laboratory scenes. His research was of import in lending to classical behaviourism. Watson’s experiments and research consisted of pull stringsing milieus of larning topics ; he strongly believed this use was the key to fostering development. Watson besides believed that if a topic was paired with a impersonal stimulation and an innate response. that he would be able to bring forth a new stimulation. or reaction. Through his research and experimentation he proved his theory that complex emotions could be learned when pull stringsing 1s environment ; he was really passionate of his theory and believed the lone country of survey in psychological science should be behavior. Although. many people viewed John B Watson as a extremist in classical behaviourism. and his position on the significance of one’s environment to be utmost. none could deny his huge impact on American Psychology. Because. Watson was such a important subscriber to classical behaviourism. he every bit good as his work. paved the manner for B. F Sinner’s theory on Operant Behaviorism. B. F Skinner was besides a behaviourist. Skinners full system nevertheless. was based on operant conditioning ; he. merely as Watson. believed that one’s e nvironment had an huge impact on one’s behaviour. In Skinner’s theory of Operant Conditioning he alleged that behaviour consequences in a effect. and that effect alters one’s disposition to reiterate that behaviour ; for illustration. behaviour and or actions of a topic followed by a reenforcing stimulation consequences in an increased possibility of that behaviour or action go oning once more or go oning. Skinner besides created agendas of support ; his theory consisted of how much support needed to be given and how frequently. Skinner’s theory was in relation to his thought based on his beliefs that acquisition is a map of change in open behaviour and nil to make with inherent aptitude or human consciousness. His theory was based on and around the sentiment that support was the cardinal component of larning. and the support could be anything from a verbal congratulations to a wages. every bit long as that support strengthened the coveted response. B. F Skinner non merely strongly believed in positive support t hat would in hopes. beef up a subject’s response. but besides in negative support or penalty that would decrease actions or behaviour that was unwanted. Therefore. Skinner merely as Watson was considered an extremist in his pattern and research in Behaviorism. Watson and Skinner were one in the same ; each adult male strongly believed that commanding and pull stringsing 1s environment and state of affairs could command 1s behavior. Both work forces contributed majorly in the field of psychological science. and the theories that both work forces were passionate about are still used presently in Modern Day Psychology. Behaviorism now a twenty-four hours is presently classified as behavior analysis and is a bally field within psychological science. In modern twenty-four hours psychological science Skinners theory is widely used by legion pedagogues ; for illustration schools give study cards to pupils on there larning capablenesss good and bad classs therefore positive and negative support. Some instructors even use positive support to honor kids for good behaviour at the terminal of the twenty-four hours. Although. Watson and Skinner w ere good known behaviourist they were non the lone behaviorists that had an impact on psychological science. Edward C. Tolman was besides a behaviourist who made important parts to the survey of behaviour and acquisition. Tolman today is known as a cognitive behaviourist. he developed his ain theory in behaviourism. Tolman was the Godhead of the cognitive theory of acquisition. His theory was a hallmark in the field of psychological science. Although. Tolman merely as Watson and Skinner. believed that larning had to make with 1s environment. yet he differed from them every bit good ; Tolman believed and proved that larning was possible without positive or negative support. Tolman believed that motivations drove behavior. until some internal province is rectified. and until that occurs the being or individual continues to act and move. Tolman unlike Watson and Skinner was non an extremist in fact he was ever willing to change his sentiment and positions if new proved theories arouse. He neer believed that one sentiment or belief was all encircling. where as. Watson and Skinner both. were inexorable that behaviour was the lone true field of psychological science and that larning could merely be possible through pull stringsing 1s environment. Watson and Skinner denied and paid no head or attending to unconsciousness. intuition. physiological reactions. nor an y unconditioned reaction they believed any theories affecting any of these thoughts were unpointed and uneducated. Modern twenty-four hours psychological science does hold a relationship to all these work forces and their theories yet. Watson and Skinner are most popular because these gentlemen focused on the seen. and non the unobserved. and Modern twenty-four hours psychological science does non analyze the unobserved merely the seen therefore. Skinner every bit good as Watson are in great relation to Modern Day Psychology. Tolman is now seen as a Cognitive psychologist. in which this relates greatly to Modern Day Psychology every bit good. Tolman created. cognitive maps. which are still used in today’s behavior analysis. Sine behaviour is seen modern twenty-four hours psychological science focuses strongly on the peculiar field. Behaviorism focuses on how behavior is shaped by 1s environment. The cognitive method trades with how ideas and positions every bit good as hard job work outing tactics affect 1s life. Both of these attacks are utilised greatly in Modern Day Psychology and all t hree work forces Edward Tolman. John B. Watson. and B. F Skinner all diverse yet similar have impacted the survey of behaviour and acquisition in a enormous manner. Psychology is an of all time turning field. that many persons have a passion for. whether behaviourism. humanistic. or cognitive all Fieldss relate to the same thing happening out the enigma of human actions and thought forms. All three work forces have impacted the field of psychological science greatly. and each men’s diverseness has took the survey of behaviourism a measure farther. and each men’s similarities have contributed to the passion that pupils. physicians. nurses. pedagogues. and bookmans have toward the field of psychological science. Although Modern psychological science largely focuses on countries that are seen such as behaviour. and lessen the focal point on the unobserved such as the human head. or unconsciousness. Psychology remains a turning field that will everlastingly hold talented and rational persons lending new theories invariably. Psychology has been a major field in the yesteryear. and now the present. and will go on to turn and broaden with clip.

Applying Kambons Theory

Applying Kambons Theory Free Online Research Papers I begin this paper with the beginnings of the life of the person that I am evaluating. The person in question is a twenty one year old lesbian African American woman. This Woman was born in Jacksonville, Florida. She lives a stable life with her siblings and loved ones at her side. Although the first few years of her life were as she would describe it â€Å"very complicated†. For the first 18 years of her life she lived in Poverty. She and her brother and sister (whom are both older than her) were not only in the system for years but they were abused and neglected. The abuse and neglect she endured was not only from her biological parents who abused drugs also but from foster parents who swore to love and care for her whilst she was out of a home and needed love and caring the most, and also from her adoptive parents who treated her and her biological brother for the most part as if they were their own personal slaves, while letting their blood related adoptive children free of the burden of any chores. Sexual abuse has also played a major part in this woman’s life for years now, not only from men but from women too. This woman was taken from her parents at the age of two due to the neglect and abuses she and her siblings endured. The woman was what is known as a â€Å"crack baby†. Crack baby is a term for a child born to a mother who used crack cocaine during her pregnancy. Although there has been disputes about the effects of crack cocaine on the fetus, nothing has been proven showing that the effects of crack cocaine will hin der the fetus from being able to grow and have a normal life. There have been accounts where some fetus’s faced mental retardation and cerebral palsy but it has not been proven that crack cocaine was the cause due to the fact that most mothers’s who use crack cocaine during pregnancy also smokes cigarettes. There is only increased risks for birth defects nothing has yet been proven fact. As a matter of fact, the woman is now a college student well on her way to graduation but she never thought that she would make it quite that far. Her parents for sure did not. Neither of her parents completed high School. They have both been incarcerated countless times on drug and theft charges. Her mother tried to make something of herself but continued to get pulled back into the addiction of crack cocaine along with the woman’s father. As of now her biological mother is a pathological liar and continues to try and gain attention by faking sick which indicates a factitious disorder (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2007). The woman’s biological father still continues to do everything he possible can to acquire crack cocaine. The woman’s adoptive mother went as far as to complete high school and one year of community college. The woman’s adoptive father did not complete high school and seems to her to have â€Å"A mental problem†. None of the parents in her life have jobs, and when they do get them they cannot keep them for more than a few months. The woman does however believe that the crack use and the abuse by the one’s whom she believed would care for her have had a negative impact on her life. The woman seems to have a problem with being around people. She seems very shy and out of place in large groups or crowds. She is afraid to talk to people for fear of embarrassment. This indicates she has a social phobia (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2007). Although the woman is very smart and has made good grades since she began attending school she does not seem to be interested in school at all. She says that she has no plan for her life. She just does not want to do anything. When I asked the woman what career she sees herself being good at she claimed that she does not think she is â€Å"cut out† for any career. She chose social work as a profession to study at Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University because she believes that it was the right thing for her to do. She feels that she may be able to help other people who were in the same situation as her but she is just not sure about any of it. When she has to do projects in school or has to publicly speak she tends to have pan ic attacks, which I believe indicates an anxiety or panic disorder (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2007). She does not seem to be able to deal with stressful situations well. If it seems that something is overwhelming her she cannot seem to keep her attitude in check. She tends to lose it at the spur of the moment times. It seems to me as though she may have a bit of a bipolar complex (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2007). The woman does not have many friends. She believes that she does not really need to be around too many people or trust too many people because they will only end up hurting her anyways. The woman also has problems with coping with most all of her feelings. Almost everything she feels seems to come off as anger to the people around her. She does not seem to know how to express her feelings in a healthy way. Anger is the most prominent feeling she tends to show. The woman tries to hide her emotions from those around her. She does not want to â€Å"put her burdens off on others†. She tend s to keep things bottled up inside her until she explodes on those around her. She has taken anger management classes but she says that they only worked for so long. I feel that she is a very nice person. She loves and cares about everyone around her even strangers. She tends to want to help the homeless and any other people she sees that are in distress. Sometimes she is extremely happy and then other times she is sad and depressed and when asked why she cannot give a reason. This may also indicate symptoms of bipolar disorder (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2007). This woman does see the need to help her family make their way to the top. No matter what they have done to her if they ask her for help she does whatever it is that she can to make sure that they are ok. No matter what the consequence may be. She wants her family/group to survive (Kambon 1992). She feels that now that she is on a higher level of life so it is the least she can do to help those who need it. If this woman were to take a test on the ASC scale (Kambon 1992) I believe she would not score very high at all. The home life she describes shows that she has not had much involvement with African culture. She grew up in a small town that was predominantly white. She attended both elementary and high schools that had only a few African American students in attendance. The home in which she grew up did not have many neighbors. She lived in a very rural area for the most part of her life. She has become accustomed to the norms and values of European people (Kambon 1992). Also the way in which she was treated at home made her not want to adhere to the African culture. Her adoptive mother would beat them with extension cords when she felt necessary. She would make them work out in the field in the hot sun for hours during the day. She was not given much of anything. Her adoptive mother was raised in Georgia during the 1930’s which was predominantly racist. She believes that her mother learned the ways to treat her and her brother from white supremacy people who treated her adoptive mother and her family that way. Therefore she wants nothing to do with the pattern of how African Americans seemed to have learned from the white supremacists how to beat and discipline their own young and others around them. As far as her sense of spirituality goes she is a very spiritual person. She does not attend church at the moment but she had attended a few black churches in her past. She does have that sense of ASC. She does identify with nature and the spir it world and believes everything is connected to a higher being (Kambon 1992). I would say her personality is a mixture. She does in some part identify with African Personality as she has experienced racism, she cares to help her family therefore looking out for the group showing her sense of groupness (Kambon 1992), but she is not fully into her African personality as all African American children should be. Therefore she does not have a strong sense of African Self Consciousness, but she does however have some sense of it. She has grown up and experienced the white world first hand. She was taught by white teachers and those who have already been corrupted by white supremacy. Now that she is older however she has been getting deeper into her African Heritage. When she does find the courage to hang around people they tend to be African American. She is now attending a Historically Black College and maybe someday she will find a way back to her African roots and then will be able to score high on the ASC scale. Maybe she will be able to teach her children in the future to be of pure African nature and no longer be culturally misoriented (Kambon 1992). But as of right now I believe that she is in between, she is a mix of Eurocentric and African culture. Research Papers on Applying Kambon's TheoryPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyMind TravelHip-Hop is ArtThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseStandardized TestingThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationGenetic EngineeringCapital PunishmentAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X

colonialism essays

colonialism essays The idea of colonialism has been marked through the history of modern Europe. The Industrial Revolution made sea travel more easier so people were able to travel further. The desire for power led to the desire for land. The more land a country had the more power and influence. The idea of trade was very influential in the progression of imperialism and colonialism. New markets were always needed so the possibility of many people to buy their products was attractive. All these and the love of adventure made the three areas irresistible. The terms colonialism and imperialism are sometimes used interchangeably, but scholars usually distinguish between the two, reserving colonialism for instances where one country assumes political control over another and using imperialism more broadly to refer to political or economic control exercised either formally or informally. European colonialism had a similar impact on South Asia, Africa, and North America in that it changed the regions i nfrastructures, social systems, and their process of choosing an appropriate ruling body. European colonialism affected the regions of South Asia, Africa, and the Americas in that it changed their infrastructures. Before the Europeans came, these three underdeveloped areas had primitive technology and infrastructure. The people of these regions used dirt roads to travel and bows and arrows to fight. The nations of the west introduced and built roads, canals, and railways in Africa to allow for faster transportation. The Europeans also introduced the telegraph, which ran from Egypt to South Africa, to make communications in Africa easier. Africa became a modern culture after this advancement of technology had occurred. Some colonial governments also introduced improved medical care through the building of hospitals, and better methods of sanitation. There were new crops, tools, and farming methods which helped increase food production. These cha...

Women and Men Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Women and Men - Essay Example institution of marriage, women seized the right to self-assertion.   Reacting to oppression women revolted against the implementation of feminine gender roles.† (Thomas, Deborah) To be able to function in her role as wife and mother, a woman needs love, understanding and support. This work is an effort to throw off the shackles that bind women in many ways because of her gender. Christopher Marlowe’s poem The Passionate Shepherd to His Love, deals with a shepherd who only wants his woman to come and live with him. But hidden in those loving words is an ulterior motive, quite practical in nature, although it is couched in the terms of true love, namely his â€Å"passionate need to possess the woman.† (The Passionate Shepherd to His Love / Critical Essay on â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love.†). He is not in need of her love, but usefulness. The critic, Metzger, is of the opinion that she is â€Å"reduced to a caricature ridiculously clothed in floral tributes.† She does not have even a name, an identity or a voice but â€Å"exists only in the shepherd’s plea.† In short, if you are a woman, you are simply a nonentity. John Steinbeck’s masterly work The Chrysanthemum carries this idea further but in a different vein. Like the object of Marlowe’s lover, Elisa the central character of this story, also exists solely to play up to the male’s vanity. To function as a mother and wife, a woman needs support, appreciation and understanding, which she hardly seems to receive. The literary critic, Ernest W. Sullivan II, looks at the story from the perspective of Elisa responding as a dog. Elisa obeys her inner instincts and is submissive to the male characters in the story as a mongrel would to a male that exudes superiority. Here also the relationships are lopsided as in the foregoing works. Elisa is a lesser being because of the dictates of her gender. Thomas Hardy’s poem The Workbox is more morbid in its implications than the rest of the stories

My life as a water molecule in human body Term Paper

My life as a water molecule in human body - Term Paper Example In the subsequent sections I will briefly discuss some of the important functions of mine in human body. Regulation of human body temperature is very essential as rate of biochemical reaction is very sensitive to the temperature and if the temperature is not regulated properly it is fatal to human life. Fortunately, I have high specific heat (~ 1 cal / gm) and latent heat of vaporization (~ 536 cal/gm) and this helps me in regulating human body temperature by sweating out in case the external temperature is very high. However, sweating leads to my loss (dehydration) and this may be fatal to an individual; therefore, one must ensure that he / she is maintaining sufficient intake of mine. When you are facing heat, just take me inside. There are many biochemical reactions required to sustain life in any living organism including human body. I act as a medium for almost all of these reactions. I play a very important role in all these reactions due to my ability to dissolve the ions and molecules relevant to biochemical reactions. Some important reactions are digestion of food, storage of energy in the form of ADP and ATP molecules etc. and all these reactions cannot be accomplished without myself acting as the medium of the reaction. In human body communication between a body parts to the brain is through electrical signals involving Na and K ions and these ions are dissolved in water. If I am not there these ions cannot exist and therefore, no signaling will be possible. Thus, it is me which facilitates communication system of human body. In the course of biochemical reactions inside human body, many harmful chemicals like urea etc. are produced. These chemicals need to be removed for the safety of life. I dissolve these harmful chemicals and brings them out through urine or sweat and thus I helps in cleansing of human body as well. Based on the

Study of The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) 02165 Essay

Study of The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) 02165 - Essay Example The only condition followed in this case is the investor has to behave in conformity maintaining prescription of portfolio theory. Early practitioners are of opinion that beta is the only explanatory factor, which has the ability to explain cross-sectional variation in the asset prices. Therefore, the CAPM model has successfully examined the predictions, which are made for measuring the risk-return relationship of asset prices (Black, Jensen and Scholes, 1972). Though the model was initially developed by Harry Markowitz, it was later modified by Lintner and Sharpe. The model actually explained that if a particular investor selects a portfolio for a period of time then he/she is said to be risk averse (Black, Jensen and Scholes, 1972). However, the modified version of the model is developed based on the following assumptions: CAPM has gained prominence in corporate finance, but there are many criticisms regarding its validity in the security market. The risk-return relationship is questioned, whether it has the ability to help the investor for making a good investment decision. Sharpe (1964) and Lintner (1965) had identified the linear relation that exists between return, risk and beta of a stock. Beta is defined as a variable, which aims at explaining cross sectional returns of the stocks. The equation aims at explaining the risk-return relationship of the stocks to a great extent. The beta value is dependent on type of assets (Roll, 1977). It also helps in gauging the volatility of the stock with respect to market risk. The following interpretations can be made from the different value of beta (Solnik, 1974; Lahrech and Sylwester, 2011; Levy and Sarnat, 1970). The above explanations indicates towards the fact that beta can easily establish the risk-return relationship of stocks. Therefore, it can be depicted that the CAPM is a perfect model for evaluating the debt and equity status of a company by examining its risk-rerun relationship of the

No Way Of Measuring Crime Criminology Essay

No Way Of Measuring Crime Criminology Essay There are many ways of measuring crime; the main way is crime statistics which are released by the Home Office every six months. Statistics released by the Home Office are produced by the ONS which is the Office for National Statistics. These statistics are made up of crimes that have been reported by the police, people that have been charged for a crime and people who have been convicted by a court and help the police and Government measure trends and analyses crime patterns on a large scale. However this method may be flawed in a number of ways, firstly the public may not decide to report a crime may be because it is a private matter such as domestic violence and they feel reporting it may shame them. Secondly certain types of crime are not included within the statistics such as white collar crime; this type of crime is described by Edwin Sutherland (1939) as being a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation. Types of crime that are classed as white collar are insurance fraud, identity theft, money laundering and internet scams. Another crime that is not included within the statistics is corporate fraud; this includes making false accounts, not being truthful about any finances, false transactions, leaking information about a company, hiding financial losses and taking bribes. Secondly official statistics are flawed since not all crimes are recorded by the police; officers may use discretion in certain cases such as using a mobile phone whilst driving then that person may just get a verbal warning. Most crimes are reported to the police but not recorded, either because the offence is minor or the police choose not to. This is referred to as the dark figure of crime crimes that are committed that are never reported or are undiscovered (Biderman Reiss 1967). When the police choose which crimes to include then the figures overall show a false total of the levels of crime in England and Wales. A way in which the government have tried to improve the reliability of the official statistics is the Offending, Crime and Justice Survey (OCJS), this is a self-reporting survey which asks questions about white collar crime, anti-social behaviour, victimisation, domestic violence, drink and drug use. The idea of the survey which was introduced in 2003 was to fill in gaps in the statistics from the Home Office and examine new emerging crimes (Thornberry Krohn 2002:43). The first British Crime Surveys were carried out in the 60s and 70s to help examine crime that had not been reported to the police (Jansson 2007:3), it is used to examine new types of crime that are emerging (Jansson 2007:30). The survey asks around 50,000 people living in England and Wales about crimes that they have experienced first-hand that they have not reported. However a disadvantage of using this method is that it does not include certain crimes such as rape, fraud, abuse and drugs. As the survey focuses on the victims, murder cannot be included as the person would be unable to answer. The survey only uses people living in private houses so this excludes nursing homes, hostels, students living at university and council rented property. All methods of measuring crime provide different perspectives at different levels for example, national or local crime levels. The British Crime Survey provides the government with statistics at a large scale but local government for example; the Islington Crime Survey only uses 2,000 people. This is good as the police will know what areas to focus on in that constituency; it also provides statistics is more detail as it is a smaller area with less people. One of the purposes of measuring crime is that it will help the government implement new policies and laws, if they know which areas of crime to focus on then they can create a law that targets that aspect of crime. Measuring crime also helps monitor the crime level within the country so that the police can focus on areas with a higher crime rate to reduce it either by campaigns or putting more police on the streets to make it safer. Another purpose is that it can be compared to previous years of crime and it will reveal trends in the figures like if crime is on the rise or it is at a consistent level. Measuring crime is also a good way of keeping the public informed, the media can sometimes exaggerate crimes which could turn to moral panic so having official statistics can show the public the actual figures and explain the crime to them. Also measuring crime is important to see if the police are doing their job correctly, if crime levels go down then the police are doing the job if they rise then they need to know how to reduce it. When the Home Office and Office for National Statistics release the statistics they look at what needs improvement and advice the police on how to proceed in different areas. There also may be a disparity between the crime reported to the police and the crime that is actually recorded; there may be a difference because some police forces pay more attention to other crimes than other types of crimes. Also the government may change the legislation so that certain crimes are downgraded such as drugs or prostitution. Police discretion also plays a part in the different between recorded and reported a crime, it is less likely that the police will charge someone for not wearing their seatbelt but more likely to arrest someone for drunk driving. However the difference might occur when the public decide not to report the crime, this may be because they feel it is not worth police time or they do not want to report the offender if they know them for example, domestic violence incidents. Some people might prefer to deal with the problem themselves rather than contact the police if they dislike the police for example, ethnic minorities may not be comfortable reporting crimes to the police (Maguire 2002). Another way in which there may be a disparity is that the Home Office issue guidelines to the police to tell them how to classifying different crimes, categorization helps the police to determine what class the crime is in but it may fall under a category that the police do not consider important so they may not record it. A disparity of the figures could be that a rise of a certain crime being reported more than others for example, burglary. In conclusion measuring crime can never be completely accurate, even with all of the current methods such as statistics and surveys both locally and nationally, the dark figure of crime still exists. However many methods and together they show better results but it is helpful if more members of the public report crimes for the police to record but it would also produce more accurate results if the police recorded more crime even if it is petty. Overall it is useful to have crime data it can help to prevent crime and enable the police to use resources more efficiently in certain areas.

Ignorance Concerning Child Abuse Essay -- Violence Against Children

It is said that our children are our most precious resource. They should be protected and allowed to grow up with out being mistreated. Child abuse is a disturbing problem in our country. Most people don't think about child abuse. They just go about their everyday lives doing nothing to combat this issue. They choose to ignore that the problem exists because it is too ugly to look at. It is easier to not do anything if you don't see it in your own life. Therefore, it appears that those people who try to make a positive impact have in someway come in contact with abuse themselves. For this reason child abuse still exists and will probably always exist. The way to stop the abuse is to educate our society about this issue. In recent years we have progressed a great deal in the awareness of this problem. A few decades ago it was not mentioned at all in the media and rarely at home. The subject was taboo and only brought to light in the most extreme cases. Parents using corporal punishment was more common in those days and therefore true abuse was harder to detect. Now many instances are reported on the news and in other media. We are saturated with the reality of violence by TV shows, movies, ads, books, and other art forms. Children's faces are on milk cartons and billboards designed to raise the public's awareness. Most people, such as teachers and parents, know the basic signs to look for in an abused child. It seems that we have come a long way in the battle against child about. However, there are still many problems we must still overcome. Most people don't know that even when a case is reported there is still a high chance that nothing will be done to protect the child. The psychological abuse which chi... ...use, we can help stop what is happening to children everyday. With hope, we will be able to use this new information to prevent the dilemma from getting worse. Our country vitality relies on youth. To ensure this vitality and movement forward, and our society must be educated and simply take a stand to protect children from abuse. Bibliography: 1. www.infoseek.com a. Searched for child abuse, child abuse articles, and child abuse prevention A. www.yesican.org/articles 1. Invisible Scars by Dr. Stacy Becker 2. When Children Tell and No One Listens by Sherry A. Quirk 3. The Link between Child Abuse and Domestic Violence written for Child Protection Leader B. www.naplesnew.com 1. Child abuse Deaths Go Unpunished, by Associated Press C. www.prevent-abuse-now.com 1. Adult-Child Sex: Is It Abuse or Misuse? by Nancy Faulkner, Ph.D.

Right or Privelege

There has been an ongoing debate for quite some time now about whether health care is a privilege that one earns or is a right. Throughout the news on television and throughout the newspapers and internet has been a lot of talk about the different types of insurances that we use to pay for medical care. Those insurances include the new Obama Care, Medicare for the elderly, Medicaid for the deemed needy as well as regular insurances that either employers or employees pay for out of pocket.Listening to the news as well as reading in the papers and on the internet all I hear and see is all the same things. What I haven't seen or heard was anything about our values and ethics as people. WSDL anyone think that it is okay to let someone die due to lack of health insurance or the wrong insurance? Everyone is different with their morals and values but I do not think that anyone would agree to letting someone die because they do not have insurance. I for one do not think that it is right at a ll and no matter what I think that if someone is ill then they should be treated right away.There was a Harvard Health study done that estimates around forty-five thousand people a year die due to not being adequately insured. Not only do those forty-five thousand die but according to a study done by the American Journal of Medicine they estimated about sixty-two percent of bankruptcies are due to medical illness and seventy-five percent of those people had coverage by insurance. I don't believe that health care should be considered a privilege. If it were considered a privilege then most of this country population would not be able to afford to pay for it.With the growing number or illness, especially within the elderly and knowing that they are on fixed incomes they need health coverage. I care for a stroke Health Care victim. She was originally paying for her health insurance out of her own pocket until her Medicare came into effect. With permanent disability they have to be disa bled for two years before they are covered by Medicare which I don't think is right either. Thankfully I was able to get her into the Medicaid program as well because she could not afford the health insurance out of her own pocket and she needs her medications which are quite expensive.Imagine if all of the elderly and disabled had to pay for their own medications, they wouldn't be able to live and function. As stated by The Stillwater Gazette (2012), â€Å"l believe medical care is a right that a civilized country provides its citizens. I do not the right employer. † I agree with The Stillwater Gazette, that medical care is something that everyone deserves because it is very important. For less fortunate who cannot afford to pay for their own health care and a lot of times cannot afford to pay for coverage through work.What happens is that it tends to â€Å"clog† the emergency rooms making it harder for the nurses and doctors to care for those who truly need trauma tr eatment. I have read and heard of people who do not have health coverage going to the emergency rooms for colds, coughs and general illnesses including the flu because the emergency rooms cannot turn anyone away. If there was a cheaper and easier way for everyone to get medical insurance then the emergency rooms would be less crowded and open and ready for those who truly need it.It would then also help regular Mad's with their practices because they would be able to have more patients to keep themselves in business. Driving through towns here in New Jersey I was able to Health Care count numerous doctors, even my old childhood doctor, losing their medical buildings due to a lack of patients. Due to recent technological advances our morbidity rates have dropped and our mortality rates have increased. Even though our technology has advanced it has caused the cost of health care to skyrocket our of reach for those who cannot afford it ND do not have health coverage.If health care was a right then the forty-five thousand people would have survived and gotten the care that they needed no matter how much the cost has risen. WSDL anyone be able to let an elder go without their routine check ups and their medications? I know I wouldn't be able to and I couldn't let my mother-in-law go without hers. What they need to do is come up with a general health care plan for everyone who cannot afford insurance to cover general doctor visits, emergency care when needed, eye care and also dental.

buy custom United States American History essay

buy custom United States American History essay The construction of many factories and mills started in the early 1800s (Saddleback, 2008). During this period of time, most workplaces in the factories required neither special skills nor exceptional strength, which encouraged factory owners to employ both women and men. Factory owners liked female workers because they seemed to be more obedient and better than their male counterparts were (Saddleback, 2008). However, economic laws forced the female workers to work harder regardless of a constant pay. The hard work forced children to help their mothers in the factories (Saddleback, 2008). This discussion will consider the major hardships factory workers experienced in the 1800s and one effort that workers made for improved working lives. In the late 1800s, workers experienced a number of problems, namely hard physical labor, low pay, long working-day, and unsafe and unhealthful working conditions (Saddleback, 2008). Factories experienced stiff competition because of the increment in the number factories and firms. This forced the factory owners to decrease wages with an aim of minimizing the cost of production and the price of finished products (Saddleback, 2008). The factory owners increased the number of machines for the women workers. Most workers, especially children and women, received no compensation for injury or illness, and feared losing their jobs in case they joined unions or complained (Saddleback, 2008). However, many workers started to form labor unions in order to protect their rights and interests. The labor union members would agree on the remunerations they thought were proportional to the portion of work (Saddleback, 2008). Later on, the union members campaigned against child labor and for ten hours working-day. Eventually, the factory workers formed national unions in hope of ameliorating working conditions and increasing wages (Saddleback, 2008). The unions efforts resulted in many protests and strikes. In many cases, protests and unions proved to be effective. Buy custom United States American History essay

Verb tenses Essay Example

Verb tenses Essay Example Verb tenses Essay Verb tenses Essay A Put in the verbs in brackets in the correct tenses. Example: The sun now. (to shine) Answer: The sun is shining now. 1) We TV when it started to rain. (to watch) 2) I to visit you yesterday, but you not at home. (to want) (to be) 3) Look! It , so we cant to the beach. (to rain) (to go) 4) There are a lot of clouds! It soon. (to rain) 5) The sun in the East. (to rise) 6) Since 2003 they their son every year. (to visit) 7) While the doctor Mr Jones, his son outside this morning. (to examine) (to wait) 8) I for my girlfriend for two hours. (to wait) ) After Larry the film on TV, he decided to buy the book. to see) 10) Wait a minute, I this box for you. (to carry) B Tense Recognition John has always traveled Tense? a lot. In fact, when he was Tense? only two years old when he first flew Tense? to the US. His mother is Tense? Italian and his father is Tense? American. John was born Tense? in France, but his parents had met Tense? in Cologne, Germany after they had been living Tense? the re for five years. They met Tense? one day while Johns father was reading a book in the library and his mother sat down Tense? beside him. Tense? Anyway, John travels Tense? lot because his parents also travel Tense? a lot. As a matter of fact, John is visiting Tense? his parents in France at the moment. He lives Tense? in New York now, but has been visiting Tense? his parents for the past few weeks. He really enjoys Tense? living in New York, but he also loves coming to visit his parents at least once a year. This year he has flown over 50,000 miles for his Job. He has been working Tense? for Jackson Co. for almost two years now. Hes Tense? pretty sure that hell be working for them next year as well. His Job requires Tense? lot of travel. In fact, by the end of this year, hell have traveled Tense? over 120,000 miles! His next Journey will be Tense? to Australia. He really doesnt like Tense? going to Australia because it is so far. This time he is going to fly Tense? from Paris after a meeting with the companys French partner. Hell have been sitting Tense? over 18 hours by the time he arrives! John was talking Tense? with his parents earlier this evening when his girlfriend from New York telephoned Tense? to let him know that Jackson Co. had decided Tense? to merge with a company in Australia. The two companies had been negotiating Tense? for the past month, so it really wasnt Tense? much of a surprise. Of course, this means Tense? that John will have to catch Tense? the next plane back to New York. Hell be meeting with his boss at this time tomorrow. C Tense Conjugation when he first Tense? (fly) to the US. His mother Tense? (be) Italian and his father Tense? (be) American. John Tense? _(be) born in France, but his (meet) in Cologne, Germany after they Tense? (live) there for parents Tense? five years. They Tense? (meet) one day while Johns father Tense? read) a ook in the library and his mother Tense? (sit down) beside him. Anyway, John (travel) a lot because his parents also Tense? (travel) a lot. As a matter of fact, John Tense? (visit) his parents in France at the moment. He Tense? (live) in New York now, but Tense? (visit) his parents for the past few weeks. He really Tense? (enjoy) living in New York, but he also Tense? (love) coming to visit his parents at least on ce a year. This year Tense? (fly) over 50,000 miles for his Job. He Tense? (work) for Jackson Co. for almost two years now. He (be) pretty sure that heTense? ork) for them next year as well. His job Tense? _(require) a lot of travel. In fact, by the end of this year, heTense? (travel) over 120,000 miles! His next Journey Tense? (be) to Australia. He really (not like) going to Australia because it is so far. This time he Tense? (fly) from Paris after a meeting with the companys French partner. He Tense? (fly) for over 18 hours by the time he Tense? (arrive)! John Tense? (talk) with his parents earlier this evening when his girlfriend from New York Tense? (telephone) to let him know that Jackson Co. Tense? (decide) to merge with a ompany in Australia. The two companies Tense? (negotiate) for the past month, so it really Tense? (not be) much of a surprise. Of course, this Tense? (mean) that John Tense? (have to catch) the next plane back to New York. He (meet) with his boss at this time tomorrow. C Complete this letter. Dear John: Well, I (arrive) † safely two weeks ago. The flight (be) † fine, but a bit long. I (watch) † two films and (eat) † two breakfasts! Thank you for everything. I (have) † a really good time with you in London. Everything here 0k now. I (send) † Just † you some photos of my town. Please (be) † very different from your city. I (write) this letter outside in the garden and I (sit) under a big umbrella because the sun is very hot today. It (be) so difficult for me to start work after my holiday, but it (be) † (reply) me soon, and thank you again for the wonderful time. Best wishes! Peter D Rewrite these sentences. 1 She made tea. Then she washed the dishes. (after) 2 Sally came to live here 20 years ago. (for) 3 Do you know how to play tennis? (ever) 4 1 haven t seen him since we finished school (last time) 5 Thanks, but I had lunch earlier. (already) Exercise A: Answer key 1) We were watching TV when it started to rain. 2) I wanted to visit you yesterday, but you were not at home. 3) Look! It is raining, so we cant go to the beach. 4) There are a lot of clouds! It is going to rain soon. 5) The sun rises in the East. 6) Since 2003 they have visited their son every year. 7) While the doctor was examining Mr Jones, his son was waiting outside this morning. 8) I have been waiting for my girlfriend for two hours. 9) After Larry had seen the film on TV, he decided to buy the book. 10) Wait a minute, I will carry this box for you.

Hybrid system Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hybrid system - Assignment Example The recommendations were also included and this is where the researcher attempted to offer some suggestions of providing an improved or well-designed hybrid system. Lastly, the conclusion provided a brief summary of what was covered in the research, and suggestion for further studies in determining the impact of hybrid systems to heat a home and also the challenges it poses in to vendors. Hybrid System Introduction Hybrid system is a modern innovative technology that combines test and measurements components from modular instrumental platforms. Hybrid systems arise when the continuous and discrete dynamics interact; this occurs especially when most high-tech systems where logic based components, fixed controllers and digital networks combine. Hybrid systems are becoming increasing common, but they are complex technologies; hence a need for the development of effective hybrid system models. This model will offer an analysis and assess the design of the system whereby logic based eleme nts and continuous system processes interact. For the last decades, the study of hybrid systems has increasingly become the major concerning aspects in field research. System developers have made significant efforts of combining tests and measurements from modular instruments platforms, but they face significant challenges. The major challenge is advancing and systematizing the knowledge about hybrid systems, which comes from such a large diverse fields. However, with increased computer technology, system developers or engineers have made significant efforts of producing a continuous and discreet system that are more economical. Purpose The purpose of hybrid system as a modern technology is that it combines with both furnace and heat pump to heat a home at fewer costs. The hybrid systems are more economical because they can heat pump, which can heat a home at low temperatures and for less cost; it is also economical because the furnace can heat home for fewer costs. Hybrid systems a re also used to model varied system such as physical systems, logic dynamic controller and also Internet congestion. Many consumers are familiar with the hybrid term, which combines electric and fuel in order to perform well; however, design developers have developed hybrid systems which reduce heating expenses during the winter season and they also keep home comfortable because they are economical. Discussions The research topics of hybrid systems have attracted the interest of many people including the mathematicians, computer scientists and engineers. One of the major arguments about this modern technology is that it is viewed as a dynamical system; hence, it should be considered as a hybrid system in case it deals with purely continuous or purely discrete invent system without ignoring significant phenomenon. Yang, Jiang and Cocquempot (2010, p. 45) argue that the term continuous and discrete are depending on the range of signals, but not with respect to time through which such signal are defined. However, this does not clearly define what hybrid system is all about; thus many theories have been implemented to elaborate on the issue of continuous and discrete systems. The hybrid system has posed a great challenge for many years until the recent when the combination of continuous and discreet was implemented to offer the clear meaning of hybrid systems.

Multinational Corporation Expansion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Multinational Corporation Expansion - Essay Example The political and legal factors ruling the target company determine the ease with which the organization can establish its business. Proper understanding of the demographics as well as socio-cultural environment of the target market will determine the strategies and promotional plans for market growth. In the current expansion plan, the company chosen is Pfizer, largest pharmaceutical company worldwide. The target market chosen will be Vietnam, where the company has launched its operations yet. COMPANY DESCRIPTION Pfizer is a multinational pharmaceutical company based in United States (Pfizer, 2013a). It is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in terms of revenue. The company is involved in manufacturing and production of vaccines and medicines for a wide range of medical conditions. The company has its operations in more than 42 countries around the globe. In the current making plan, the company is planning to launch its business in Vietnam (Pfizer, 2013b). COUNTRY DESCRIPTIO N Vietnam, also known as Socialist Republic of Vietnam and is located in the eastern coast of Southeast Asia. The country is bordered by china, Laos and Cambodia. Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam. The country has a single party socialist system, with the government and the president having executive powers. The country is inhabited mainly by the Viet, constituting about 86 percent of the total population. The average life expectancy is 73 years. Around 70 percent of the demographics belong to age group 15- 64 and merely 7 percent of population constitute 65 years or above. In terms of health and malnutrition, it is one of the major issues in rural provinces. The country has suffered from diseases such as malaria and has made progress in establishing a south health system. DIMENSIONS OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCE Management of international finance deals with monetary and financial decisions taken in the area of international business. High inflation of international trade is responsible f or the growth in international business. Thus, while doing international trade, involvement of trade and tariffs is normal and financial management becomes critical as these trade laws and regulations are different for different international markets. International finance is different from domestic finance. There are three dimensions of International finance which differentiates it from others; 1. Political risks and Foreign exchange, 2. Imperfections in market, and 3. Expanded set of opportunities. Political risks and Foreign exchange When individuals and companies are involved in cross-border transactions, they are exposed to risk associated with foreign exchange markets. These are foreign exchange risks and political risks. The companies are exposed to risk in terms of currency rates and nature of the foreign markets. To curb these risks, Pfizer can opt for conducting business in the local currency. Vietnam’s forex market has remained low, so to decrease the forex risk, P fizer can utilize the foreign risk management techniques used in United States. Political risks range from unexpected changes in tax laws to inappropriate or misuse of assets by foreigners. The economic development

How Was Successful Nazi Policy In The Years 1933 - 1945 Essay

How Was Successful Nazi Policy In The Years 1933 - 1945 - Essay Example Two major groups bind the youth of the nation during the reign of Nazis. These groups comprise the Hitler youth group and league of the German maidens. In the youth group under the reign of Hitler led Nazi Germany, boys at the age of 10 were influenced to join the Jungvolk. At the age of 14, it is expected that the boys will join the Hitler youth committee. The Hitler led Nazi mainly focused towards enhancing the physical fitness along with proper military training for the youth right from the very beginning of the Nazi era. In addition, the membership of the youth in the Nazi movement made compulsory for the boys. On the other hand, ‘League of the German Maidens’ predominately included the German girls. Nazi led German was also focused towards providing training to the teenagers so that they could join the Nazi defense force. Hitler also instructed schools that the girls should be taught about Nationalist as well as racist beliefs so that they could embed well into the Nazi culture. In this particular regard, Hitler started the youth movement where the young girls of age 10-14 needed to learn the ideologies of Nazi along with other activities such as camping and athletics among others so that they could be able to get physical fitness and enhance the prospects of future Nazi soldier. The Hitler led Nazi Germany considered the youth of the country to be among the most vital assets. Contextually, they attempted to control girls and embed them into the Nazi culture right from the beginner stage.

Captivity Narrative Essay Example for Free

Captivity Narrative Essay Captivity narratives were commonly popular in the 1700’s by both European and American populations. Captivity narratives in America portrayed either whites enslaved by savages or the African enslaved by the white slave owner. Captivity narratives were written to show the reader of one’s experiences while being in captivity. Two authors who wrote a couple of these narratives are Mary Rowlandson and Olaudah Equiano. Mary Rowlandson’s narrative is entitled, â€Å"A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson. The title of Olaudah Equiano’s narrative is â€Å"The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavas Vassa, the African, Written by Himself. † Captivity narratives test a person’s faith and his or her ability to survive in a specific given situation. Both authors must learn to survive in a different culture. Both desire their freedom, but fear the dangers of escape. Rowlandson relies on her religious strength to help her through her suffering, while Equiano relies on his moral and eventually religious strength to help him through his suffering. Examining these two narratives will show similarities and differences in their purpose but will ultimately show the reason for the narrative which was to sway a person’s way of thinking. Both Equiano and Rowlandson were living an ordinary life until they were torn away. Equiano was living a carefree life, enjoying his time growing up in his village along with his family. That day came to an end when he and his sister were captured and sold into slavery. Equiano states, â€Å"One day, when all our people were gone out to their works as usual, and only I and my dear sister were left to mind the house, two men and a women got over our walls, and in a moment seized us both, and without giving us time to cry out, or make resistance, they stopped our mouths, and ran off with us in the nearest wood† (690). Rowlandson’s narrative begins with Native Americans attacking her village as they come upon her house and set fire to it. As Rowlandson attempts to leave her home, she is captured. Rowlandson states, â€Å"The Indians laid hold of us, pulling me one way, and the children another, and said, ‘Come go along with us’: I told them they would kill me: they answered, if I were willing to go along with them, they would not hurt me† (258). The similarity of both narratives is that both were enjoying their lives until they abruptly changed. The difference is that Equiano was a child, not knowing much about the world while Rowlandson was an adult and knew the dangers of being a colonist. Both authors once captive had to adapt to their surroundings. Equiano experienced many different cultures before being bought in Virginia as a slave. Equiano taught himself how to expand his knowledge after being taught by Miss Guerin and under the tutelage of a schoolmaster the basics of reading and writing. Equiano states, â€Å"Nor did I leave my kind patronesses, the Miss Guerins, without uneasiness and regret. They often used to teach me to read, and took great pains to instruct me in the principles of religion and the knowledge of God† (703). Equiano’s thirst for knowledge growing up would help lead him to his freedom. Similarly, Rowlandson learned the culture of the natives to help her survive hunger and starvation. â€Å"There came an Indian to them at that time with a basket of horse liver. I asked him to give me a piece. ‘What,’ says he, ‘can you eat horse liver? ’ I told him, I would try†¦so that I was fain to take the rest and eat it as it was, with the blood about my mouth, and yet a savory bit it was to me† (266). While both learned their new cultures, Equiano’s purpose was to gain knowledge to eventually free him, and Rowlandson’s purpose was for survival. Both Equiano and Rowlandson desired their freedom, but also feared the dangers of escape. Equiano was in a civilized area, but the realization of being alone in an attempt to get back home was diminishing. Equiano expresses, â€Å"I had before entertained hopes of getting home, and had determined when it should be dark to make the attempt; but I was now convinced it was fruitless, and began to consider that, if possible I could escape all other animals, I could not those of human kind† (692). Rowlandson was in the wilderness and she had no idea how close she was to the nearest colony. As Rowlandson is speaking with another English captive about escaping, she states, â€Å"I wished her not to run away by any means, for we were near thirty miles from any English town† (263). Rowlandson not only feared being caught after escape, but she also feared of being lost in the wilderness with the wild animals. Rowlandson wrote, â€Å"Heart-aching thoughts here I had about my poor children, who were scattered up and down among the wild beasts of the forest† (264). Both authors adapted to surroundings to help them survive their captivity. Both authors have to rely on religious and moral strength to help them endure their captivity. Rowlandson believes in Christianity, and that helped her to survive her captivity. She believes everything happens for a reason and that God was testing her faith. Rowlandson in her reflection of Psalms quotes, â€Å"Oh that my people had hearkened to me, and Israel had walked in my ways, I should soon have subdued their enemies, and turned my hand against their adversaries† (265). On the other hand, Equiano has no knowledge of Christianity in his early childhood and yet it wasn’t till his adulthood that he understood white Christianity. Equiano knew being part of the white Christianity would help him earn his freedom. Equiano had to rely on his moral strength, in the beginning, to be free and his religious strength to withstand his captivity. Equiano wrote, â€Å"I regard myself as a particular favorite of Heaven, and acknowledge the mercies of Providence in every occurrence of my life† (688). Both authors justify their captivity with the grace of God and that it was a testament of their faith. Captivity narratives were popular during the 1700s with many readers. Although Equiano and Rowlandson write their narrative with captivity as the main subject, both endured entirely different situations. Rowlandson thought she was captured by the savages, but she realizes she was never treated unjustly. Equiano, on the other hand, was supposedly captured and sold into slavery by the civilized population, but he was treated inhumanely. Both authors hoped to open the eyes of others to see the injustices of being a captive.

Nemean Stadium :: essays papers

Nemean Stadium Based on Legend, approximately around 776 BCE, Koroibos crossed the finish line at the altar of Zeus and was crowned the first winner in Olympic history. Thus was the beginning of the ancient phenomenon of the Olympic Games. A time where all war would come to a pause as men would test their valor against fellow man in peaceful physical competition. This competition was partaken in stadiums at select locations. These men were considered elite athletes and representative of many men. This made the games important in more ways than competition. They were also political, social and a major source of pride within ancient Greece. But these Olympic games only came around every four years, so others followed. Along with the Olympic games three others joined forming the Panhellenic athletic festivals. They were the Pythian, Isthmian, and Nemean games. The sites for these games grew in extravagance as well as popularity over time and in turn the stadiums the games were to be held in also grew in extravagance. The stadium at Nemea was particularly one of extravagance and prestige. The University of California at Berkley has done a great deal for the Nemean site in the past 25 years. They have uncovered a stadium dated circa 330 BCE along with a tunnel, which is said to have been an athlete entrance to the stadium. Extensive study of the Nemean stadium and tunnel has been done and the site is well documented. The impacts of such a great archaeological find is wonderful and has inspired many to even reenact the infamous Nemean Games. Through basic review of fact and study the following will briefly detail the findings of the stadium at Nemea and its tunnel. The site at Nemea had many visitors, known to have started as early as 1766, excavating parts mostly in search of treasures from the Sanctuary of Zeus. The earliest mention of the stadium was from Colonel William Leake, approximately during the 18th century, from where he located the stadium. Unfortunately no real excavation was done until 1973 when the University of Berkley began a large scale dig under the advisory of the American School of Classical Studies, Athens and the guidance of Stephen G Miller. The investigation began an extensive yearly excavation from 1974- 1983 and since then many smaller projects have steadily occurred. Nemean Stadium :: essays papers Nemean Stadium Based on Legend, approximately around 776 BCE, Koroibos crossed the finish line at the altar of Zeus and was crowned the first winner in Olympic history. Thus was the beginning of the ancient phenomenon of the Olympic Games. A time where all war would come to a pause as men would test their valor against fellow man in peaceful physical competition. This competition was partaken in stadiums at select locations. These men were considered elite athletes and representative of many men. This made the games important in more ways than competition. They were also political, social and a major source of pride within ancient Greece. But these Olympic games only came around every four years, so others followed. Along with the Olympic games three others joined forming the Panhellenic athletic festivals. They were the Pythian, Isthmian, and Nemean games. The sites for these games grew in extravagance as well as popularity over time and in turn the stadiums the games were to be held in also grew in extravagance. The stadium at Nemea was particularly one of extravagance and prestige. The University of California at Berkley has done a great deal for the Nemean site in the past 25 years. They have uncovered a stadium dated circa 330 BCE along with a tunnel, which is said to have been an athlete entrance to the stadium. Extensive study of the Nemean stadium and tunnel has been done and the site is well documented. The impacts of such a great archaeological find is wonderful and has inspired many to even reenact the infamous Nemean Games. Through basic review of fact and study the following will briefly detail the findings of the stadium at Nemea and its tunnel. The site at Nemea had many visitors, known to have started as early as 1766, excavating parts mostly in search of treasures from the Sanctuary of Zeus. The earliest mention of the stadium was from Colonel William Leake, approximately during the 18th century, from where he located the stadium. Unfortunately no real excavation was done until 1973 when the University of Berkley began a large scale dig under the advisory of the American School of Classical Studies, Athens and the guidance of Stephen G Miller. The investigation began an extensive yearly excavation from 1974- 1983 and since then many smaller projects have steadily occurred.

The Mathematics of Map Coloring :: Colors Science Essays

The Mathematics of Map Coloring The four-color conjecture has been one of several unsolved mathematical problems. From 1852 to this day, practically every mathematician has studied the problem long and hard, but to no avail. The conjecture looks as though it has been solved by Wolfgang Haken and Kenneth Appel, both of the University of Illinois. They have used computer technology to prove the conjecture. The calculation itself goes on for about 1200 hours. The staggering length of the computation of the proof is what creates some controversy in the mathematical world. The Appel-Haken Theorem is based on numerous assumptions, â€Å"that there is an overwhelmingly great probability that their method of proof must succeed.† [3] It assumes that the theory itself is correct, but the theory itself is also an assumption. You can see why this issue has been wreaking havoc for many years. It all started back in 1852 when Francis Guthrie was coloring a map of England. He wanted to know the least amount of colors, or chromatic number, it would take to color the map so no two adjacent regions are of the same color. He found the chromatic number to be four. He then studied arbitrary maps and wondered if all maps could be colored with four colors. Francis’ curiosity would be in the minds of all mathematicians to come. He then passed this question on to his brother, Frederick. He then submitted this to his professor Augustus deMorgan as a mathematical conjecture. deMorgan was fascinated by the Four-Color problem and wrote in a letter to his colleague Sir William Rowan Hamilton the next day after seeing the conjecture. Hamilton was less enlightened by it, and never worked on it. It was through deMorgan that the Four-Color problem was made known, thus deMorgan has incorrectly been dubbed the originator of the problem. Eventually the hype surrounding the conjecture died down in the early 1860’s. This down time, during which interest in the problem was minimal, only lasted about twenty years. A lawyer by the name of Alfred Bray Kempe proposed a solution in The American Journal of

1984 Oppression Essay

In the dystopian novel 1984, George Orwell portrays a society where betrayal is not only acceptable, but it is actively encouraged through the use of psychological manipulation, which demonstrates the weakness of the individual to resist oppression. The party has built the society in such a way that when Parson is turned in by his daughter to the Thought Police he reacts with â€Å"sort of a doleful pride† (233). Parson is an example of the unthinking masses of the society; he has been oppressed for so long his ability for individual thought has been greatly diminished. He doesn’t even question if he truly committed treason against Big Brother, he does not take into consideration that his seven year old daughter may be lying. Parsons doesn’t show any anger toward his daughter that betrayed him, his response is the exact opposite he is proud that his daughter is doing what is best for the party. The party’s oppression of the individual begins at birth, through methodical thought conditioning. The party transforms the children of the society into model citizens that are willing to betray their own flesh and blood. See more: Foot Binding In China essay Through the party’s use of psychological manipulation the framework of the society urges its citizens to pursue the enemies of Big Brother. This further cements the Party’s power. The party dehumanizes them so that their inhibitions are only showing loyalty to the party. Through the domination of thought the party ensures that its citizens are completely loyal to Big Brother. The telescreen is a tool for the party; the citizens of Oceania live in constant fear of being monitored by the screens that they end up betraying their thoughts through their body language. â€Å"The smallest thing could give you away. A nervous tic, an unconscious look, a habit of muttering to yourself-anything that carried with the suggestion of abnormality†(79). Oceania’s citizens don’t know when they are being watched, the byproduct of this is the citizens policing themselves, giving the Thought Police the ability to completely control them. The fear produced by the telescreens lead the people expose themselves to the eyes of the party, which ultimately leads them to betray themselves .The party overwhelms the minds capacity by a constant stream of propaganda coming out of the telescreen at all hours of the day allowing the party to completely dominate the minds of the people, taking away the potential of individual thought. Betrayal in the society George Orwell created in 1984 was expected. Through the domination of the individual thought, and their inability to resist that oppression, betrayal of one’s comrades was only natural. Individual thought was so greatly overshadowed by the party’s constant stream of propaganda in the novel that there was no place for it in the minds of the citizens. The psychological manipulation that the party inflicted on its citizens everyday made it impossible for the individual to resist oppression.

MMOGs (massively multiplayer online games) and their rise across the net The WritePass Journal

MMOGs (massively multiplayer online games) and their rise across the net Introduction MMOGs (massively multiplayer online games) and their rise across the net IntroductionNetwork ServerOperating Systems Game Playing SoftwareReferencingRelated Introduction MMOGs are an abbreviation for Massively Multiplayer Online Game. This is a video game which is capable of supporting hundreds and thousands of players interacting with this running video. Gaming platforms have become diverse and a universal game environment is supported. MMOGs require specific hardware and software to play and be a part of these online games. Firstly a Personal Computer (PC), keyboard, mouse, screen, graphics card, sound card, speakers, head sets, a suitable operating system, sufficient RAM, a hard disk needs to be present. If required, joysticks can also be used to play these games for the best gaming experience.   The operating system (OS) is a key requirement needed in all PCs to play a MMOG. The hardware connects to the BIOS which is connected to the OS connecting the low level machine code to the application software which is high level language such as JAVA and COBOL. Consequently connection to the graphics driver, gaming code then straight to the virtual world it is connected to. The OSI model is responsible for effective communication of data through each layer on the PC and the servers machine.   Therefore when a user is playing a game the data will flow from the gateway server to the log in or zone server to the world server into the database which is where the data for MMOG is stored. MMOGs can be played by it connection to a game server. A game server is a remotely or locally run server used by game clients to play MMOGs or video games. Most video games played over the Internet operate via a connection to a game server usually via different networks connected through cables, tracks and busses from the motherboard to the gaming server. A user will connect to a MMOG using an internet connection where the user’s actions will be sent to and retrieved by a server which then calculated a new game state and send this back through the linked connection   to the player, with the series of actions repeating. Furthermore, as multi-platform game technology continues to grow, this allows one game to be played in a different platform concurrently, as advances in the development of distributed game server including the less popular listen server technology is necessary to support large numbers of parallel game including their users safely when playing online. MMOGs, in which large numbers of users play a game in the same virtual gaming world, is a big field of heavy server loads due to game event handling, this leads to problems of latency server, client packet loss. This graph shows the amount of MMOGs have been subscribed to since 1997. It shows that more and more people are becoming attracted to playing MMOGS up until 2008 as the graph does not go any further. The most popular game that is shown is World of Warcraft with over ten million subscribers to the game. Personal Computer or Console As online gaming enters the mainstream, system requirements of the personal computer (PC) are moving tremendously in performance. The key issue is that online gamine needs to meet the growing necessities of gamers and online gaming membership. In order to facilitate this, games must have a powerful processor to maximise the game playing experience. The processors role is vital to any computer as it manages the entire system for example where to start and stop executing commands inputted by the user. The processor will fetch data needed by the instruction commanded by the user and returning this processed instruction after execution, then again fetching instructions inputted for example the user loads a game. Consequently after the control unit has fetched, executed and decoded an instruction the program counter holds the address of the next instruction within the memory for example the user has clicked on start game after loading the game. The instruction pointer keeps track of where in the program the instruction has reached. in a system starting from input from a joystick for example into the memory where it is processed and stored if needed with the necessary output given in the form of for example moving 3d images on the screen. The processor manages multiple roles as it carries out many instructions and thus becomes complex for running the operating system (OS) (1), the web browser or the downloaded Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOG).Therefore the better the processor the faster the quality/ performance when playing a MMOG without any pauses and halts. The latest Intel i7 2.8 GHz processor containing 8 cores for 8 way multi-tasking and an L3 Cache which delivers top class performance during game playing. Random access memory (RAM) is used to temporarily store the applications used to play the MMOGS allows reading and writing to be carried out. RAM is volatile memory as when there is no power sourced to the RAM, data cannot be retained(1). The highest amount of RAM available is 8GB DDR3, continually expanding. Hence the more RAM the more available space the PC has to store the current game being played. The hard disk, secondary memory can be used to store a game or the application needed to play the game. This uses sequential access which contains rotating disks (3). It works by looking up data needed to be processed from the game players input processing this data from the calculations made in the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and saves it in the cache which is a high temporary storage place that makes and answers requests. The hard disks capacity can now increase up to 1terabtye within newer PC’s. The GPU forms the core of the graphics card that usually sits inside a slot on the motherboard(10) but sometimes it is pre integrated into the motherboard. It roles and responsibilities for processing images, creating the picture displayed by the monitor for example the 3d moving images in MMOGs. The GPU is a specialised processor that runs calculations of advanced image processing especially 3D Graphics(2). The GPU contains a separate processing unit as it stores images before displaying them. The graphics card is able to allocate slots when viewing 3D scenes for instance in MMOGs similar to the CPU where it can process data for example dual core processors which can carry out two instructions at the same time. The GPU enables a third processor to process its own data speeding up operations such as playing games which are wholly based on images, 3d images and moving images within the computer for example speeding up the sequence of the images played from the game(2). The GPU talks to the frame buffer to designate parts of memory used to store images before viewing it. RAM DAC, random access memory digital to analogue coveter converts the digital images stored in the frame buffer into analogue, which is then sent to the screen to be displayed. The GPU also contains BIOS similar to the CPU, which loads when the computer starts(2). The interface connects the graphics card to the motherboard requiring high broadband necessary for displaying video clips and 3d images within games(2). The basic sound card is printed on the circuit board, which uses analogue to digital AC DC converter and a PIC interface card to connect to the motherboard and input output connectors for microphone and speakers(6). The sound card enables sounds to be heard from the speakers or gaming headset for audible effects when playing MMOG’s creating different moods and scenes. The screen often referred to as a monitor, where by the display is the most common form of used output, with feedback in the form of text and graphical images used to view the game when it is being played(5). Most desktop screens use liquid crystal display (LCD) or cathode ray tube (CRT) technology. For an ultra-sharp Display when playing games the TFT active matrix 24in – Widescreen, with a Max Resolution of 1920 x 1200, Colour Support of 16.7 million colours. Other output devices include speakers and a gaming 2.4GHz head set. The function of a keyboard as an input device where people can type, inputting data, use shortcuts to control many programmes, access menus also games(7). The keyboard also includes control keys providing cursor and screen control which is needed to play many MMOGs for example using the left, right, up and down arrows(7). There are many types of mice an input device; the main ones include a mechanical scroll mouse, optical mouse and a track ball mouse(8). A laser point mouse which uses light-emitting diodes (LED) or laser as a way of tracking movements is the most common enabling MMOGs to be played easier due to its swift broad movements making game playing easier as there is no wire attached.  Ã‚   Other mice include of foot mouse for disabled people, joystick mouse for gamers and a touch pad mouse. Lastly a common input device, the joystick which helps gamers to truly personalise their gaming and flight stimulation experiences. This includes a dual throttle lever for control of a multi-engine aircraft, twisted axes, adjustable hat switches, scroll buttons and trigger buttons to enable MMOGs to be played in a variety of ways making them more interesting. Many of these input and output devices can have an interface with PCs by serial ports and USB. Network Server A game server is a remotely run or a locally run server which can be used by gamers to play MMOGs. Most games that are played over the internet function by having a connection to a game server. Thus online game ply is impacted bythe network characteristics of players that are at one time connected to the game server. Many online games allow a choice from a wide range of servers available. This is the case for many MMOGs as users can run their own servers allowing players to connect from anywhere on the internet. This is known as a listen server, a dedicated server also exists. These are the two types of servers used to play MMOGs. Listen servers are peer to peer servers which run on the same PC as the gamer client. When the gamer disconnects this server is shut down because the server and the host client are run symmetrically. This means that the game must be transferred to another player or end completely which is not preferred on a big server as the host needs to either stay online wasting slots in the server and computer power possibly slowing the game or ending the game for all other players. Due to the small processing size listen servers will also not be able to handle the client’s game, server processing and the hack detection as it is difficult to function correctly without the required processing power. Although they are easy to set up by simply creating a new game then allowing players to join. Also the user only requires one PC in contrast to a dedicated server that either allows client to host the server or play a game. The client cannot physically do both unless there is a second PC/ machin e. Dedicated servers are client to peer which run independently of the clients. They are set up on a separate PC which is often hosted in a data centre. This means that they will have a high processor for high amounts of processing and high bandwidth as it does not need to share a CPU with the players game. In general dedicated servers are the preferred method of hosting game servers for most PC based MMOGs. It is beneficial to those who demand more control, the freedom to install multiple games onto the server. Due to its general processing ability it can then support a huge number of players at the same time. Network Connection What level of network quality service should be provided to maintain a satisfactory gaming experience? The network has a huge impact on MMOGs. Having a reliable network connection means that players are able to log onto a network online which is available and use the services provided such as playing games buying game subscriptions etc. Without a network connection MMOGs cannot be played. Kuan et al have found that network delay and network loss significantly affect a players willingness to continue playing a game. MMOGs depend upon the network connection for their operation on the speed and reliability of this network connection. Firstly bandwidth which is the average rate of successful data transfer through a communications path which is usually measured in kilobits and megabits per second. The more bandwidth available more data can be transferred through the Ethernet cable for playing MMOGs. In contrast latency is delay, the amount of time it takes a packet to travel from its source to its destination. A low latency network connection will experience small delays whereas playing a MMOG on a high latency network connection will generally be prone to more delays which can be expressed in mili seconds. One way which latency can be measured is small packets of miniature data (32 bytes) is sent to the host and the round time trip (RTT), the time it takes for the packet to leave the sourced address travels to its destination and sent back is then measured. When playing MMOGs the more bandwidth ava ilable more data will be transferred during a second speeding up game play. Also the less the latency the less delay it will take for each pat of the game to be displayed without pauses and stops. Thus the combination of latency and bandwidth gives the user a perception of how quickly the game can be played and necessary data transformed. Server packet loss rate is also another factor that affects speed and reliability of a network connection in MMOGs. This concerns the loss of ratio packets sent from the game server to the player which credits for added latency before state updates or game messages are presented on the screen to the players. Client packet loss rate concerns the loss ratio of packets sent to the game server by players which credits for added latency before a players commands can be handled by the game server as loss detection and recovery cost precious time. This general diagram shows the process when playing MMOGs in real time. The client is playing a game and their actions are received by the server and it then calculates the game state, which is then sent, then the server again does new actions which is received by the server and it then calculates the new game state, thus sending this new game state back to the pc and this cycle continues until the user has finished playing the game. In more detail MMOGs often use distributed servers which are required to support a large number of concurrent games. The data is sent from the user to the gateway server which passes on the information to the zone or login server which then goes to the world sever connecting to the database of the game that is being played, the new data is then sent back through these severs back to the user’s PC. This data is sent using the CPU or the micro-processor which connected to all the elements of the computers components for example the games input and output elements via cables and he bus which is a sub system used for the transfer of data between the different computer components and the networks which enable the PC to connect to the gaming server(1). This is called Serial Advanced Technology Attachment(5). The busses are highly flexible as they can become external busses, in connecting different machines together such as connecting to the game server. The communication between the server and the game client can be divided into three main sections. This figure provides an outline of the architecture which illustrates the physical and logical layout of the game application and the communications legitimized between the server and the game clients. The data access layer within extracts the database from the application allows the systems to retrieve data representing objects in the database. The application layer system features implemental of users, online games, game modes, game states etc. Lastly the presentation layer which consists of HTML and java scrip, basic page templates and display, dynamic views of the system are presented to the user. Operating Systems Game Playing Software An operating system (OS) can be said to be a system software which is responsible for direct control and managing of input, output hardware and basic system operations. In addition it is a foundation upon which the application software such as web browsers and gaming software can be run. A operating system that can be used to play games on is Windows 7 a 64 bit operating system. The role of the OS is to manage the hardware and software resources and interact with the data and its presentation. OS process management ensures that for example if the game is being played it receives sufficient process time for the expert functioning also states that the processor is used to its optimum capacity. OS storage management allocates the relevant or necessary memory space for the game application and its connected hardware in the one of the different available memories for effective and optimum processing of information. OS device management manages input output devices, programs with device drivers conjoined with the OS controls the flow of information with allocation of system resources to ensure correct input and output from for example the joystick. Lastly the OS user interface provides a consistent way of communication between the user and the game being played for example if one was playing the game in real time efficient communication would be needed to be prese nt. A general game server needs a kernel 2.0.24 or better and a good OS for example Linux. Linux is a good in distributed networking game servers. This is because it gives incredible performance to host the games compared to bulky terminals. Also it is thus possible to customise it to the hardware and load requirements of the game which is being hosted as it uses a user friendly kernel configuration file as well as the full source availability for this kernel. The Linux OS system resources receive sufficient processing time and the processor being used to its optimum capacity when hosting a game. It can also manage input and output well including managing the data to host the game extremely well. The game playing software can both be bought and downloaded online, or from a shop where by the games software will be present on a cd. This software is then installed on a PC ready for the gamer to play. It interacts with the data from the internet as it established a connection with the server and the OS along with the internet can transmit and receive data which is then converted from binary data into a high level language that the PC understands such as java, COBOL. This language is then then transferred into graphical moving images which the user can interpret and understand and continue to play the game for example the user will know if he has been shot or he has killed a person. The game servers use specialised software of the game which the server is dedicated to although it will contain different data as in order to run a game on a game server it has to be able to host games etc. which normal game playing software cannot do. The game servers game software interacts with data similarly via the internet by establishing a connection with a sever which then can connect to a player and thus the game can be successfully played. The game server is a distinct process, usually upon a different machine, which retains information on whichever virtual world it supports at that particular time. It converses with the game clients used by the players to retain global information about joint locations, player interaction. For example, each player will have different window into their joint virtual location depending on where they are in the game. The scenes accessible to the players must be consistent so if one player changes the state of an object for example, that objec t must exist for all the other players and be in the same state. Although Presentation does not need to be considered as the gamers do not see what goes on inside a gaming server although those who maintain gaming servers need the data to be available in a readable form so that with their technical knowledge they can successfully manage the game server. The games engine works by the operating system loading the game server onto its system including the graphic drivers. The server connects to the network code and other instances of the game. This then connects to the gaming code for example a high level language then connecting to the virtual worlds where many players can play the MMOG. Conclusion Online games have continued to increase in popularity, with the MMOGs being played over a type of computer network connected to the internet starting with the basic hardware, this needs to be up to date with the latest hardware installed in the pc for example keyboards, joysticks need to be compatible with the game that is being played. For the best gaming experience a NVIDIA graphics card which has its own separate processor, a good quality sound card with speakers are needed. This increase in popularity of online gaming has resulted to the huge growth of the internet, different network connections are now available, these include peer to peer and client server architectures which enables anyone with a connection to the network, internet is able to play a MMOG and interact even in real time with other players due to the high processing ability on servers networks are now able to support many millions of players. Although bandwidth and better network connections are increasing and have become present in the busses and cables this does not mean that the network connection is completely reliable. Due to the millions of clients connection to a game or several games at different times this can still lead to problems of latency where packets take longer to reach their destination so this could bring about small pauses in the MMOG. Also some locations such as remote locations may receive less bandwidth which then in turn affects the game as the game play will decrease especially if it is in real time as this data travels from the user, to the log in server, zone server, and world server to the databases. MMOGs require the OSI mode to function in which the important parts, the data access layer executes the database from the MMOG application. Following the application layer features implementations of clients, game modes etc. as lastly the presentation presents the displays and dynamic views of the game to clients. Therefore as technology grows the scope for playing MMOGs increases as better facilities are provided and are constantly developing to do so. 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